Molecular differentiation by PCR-RFLP technique shows that Antarctic fishes of the genus Notothenia, claimed to be two species, are phenotypic varieties with the same genetic pattern (Table 1)

The taxonomy of Antarctic fishes has been predominantly based on morphological characteristics rather than on genetic criteria. A typical example is the Notothenia group, which includes N. coriiceps Richardson, 1844, N. neglecta Nybelin, 1951 and N. rossii Richardson, 1844. The Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used to determine whether N. coriiceps Richardson, 1844 and N. neglecta Nybelin, 1951 are different or whether they are the same species with morphological, physiological and behavioural variability. N. rossii was used as control. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from muscle specimens of N. coriiceps Richardson, 1844, N. neglecta Nybelin, 1951 and N. rossii, which were collected in Admiralty Bay, King George Island. The DNA was used to amplify a fragment (690 base pairs) of the mitochondrial gene coding region of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2. Further, the amplicon was digested with the following restriction enzymes: DdeI, HindIII and RsaI. The results showed a variation of the digestion pattern of the fragment amplified between N. rossii, and N. coriiceps Richardson, 1844 or N. neglecta Nybelin, 1951. However, no differences were found between N. coriiceps Richardson, 1844 and N. neglecta Nybelin, 1951, on the grounds of the same genetic pattern shown by the two fish.

Molecular and biochemical analyses of wounding in mesocarp of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) ripe fruits

The physiological and molecular responses of ripe fruit to wounding were evaluated in two peach (Prunus persica) varieties ('Glohaven', GH, melting and 'BigTop', BT, slow melting nectarine) by comparing mesocarp samples from wedges (as in minimal processing) and whole fruit as the control. Slight differences between the two varieties were detected in terms of ethylene production, whereas total phenol and flavonoid concentrations, and PPO and POD enzyme activities showed a general increase in wounded GH but not in BT. This was associated with the better appearance of the BT wedges at the end of the experimental period (72 h). Microarray (genome-wide ?PEACH3.0) analysis revealed that a total number of 2218 genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.01, log2 fold change expression ratio >1 or <-1) in GH 24 h after wounding compared to the control. This number was much lower (1208) in BT. According to the enrichment analysis, cell wall, plasma membrane, response to stress, secondary metabolic processes, oxygen binding were the GO categories over-represented among the GH up-regulated genes, whereas plasma membrane and response to endogenous stimulus were the categories over-represented among the down-regulated genes. Only 32 genes showed a common expression trend in the two varieties 24 h after wounding, whereas a total of 512 genes (with highly represented transcription factors), displayed opposite behavior. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed the microarray data for 18 out of a total of 20 genes selected. Specific WRKY, AP2/ERF and HSP20 genes were markedly up-regulated in wounded GH, indicating the activation of regulatory and signaling mechanisms probably related to different hormone categories. Compared to BT, the expression of specific genes involved in phenylpropanoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways showed a more pronounced induction in GH, highlighting the difference between the two peach varieties in terms of molecular responses to wounding in the mesocarp tissue.

Molecular dissolved organic matter composition in lakes across Sweden as relative intensities of FT-ICR-MS peaks and PARAFAC components and optical indices

Whether intrinsic molecular properties or extrinsic factors such as environmental conditions control the decomposition of natural organic matter across soil, marine and freshwater systems has been subject to debate. Comprehensive evaluations of the controls that molecular structure exerts on organic matter's persistence in the environment have been precluded by organic matter's extreme complexity. Here we examine dissolved organic matter from 109 Swedish lakes using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy to investigate the constraints on its persistence in the environment. We find that degradation processes preferentially remove oxidized, aromatic compounds, whereas reduced, aliphatic and N-containing compounds are either resistant to degradation or tightly cycled and thus persist in aquatic systems. The patterns we observe for individual molecules are consistent with our measurements of emergent bulk characteristics of organic matter at wide geographic and temporal scales, as reflected by optical properties. We conclude that intrinsic molecular properties are an important control of overall organic matter reactivity.

Bulk and molecular proxies of sediment core GeoB6518-1

A 20 kyr long sediment sequence from the Congo deep sea fan (core GeoB 6518-1), one of the world's largest deep sea river fans, has been analysed for bulk and molecular proxies in order to reconstruct the marine, soil and plant organic carbon (OC) contributions to these sediments since the last glacial maximum. The bulk proxies applied, C/N ratio and d13Corg, ranged from 10 to 12.5 and from -24.5 to -21 per mill VPDB, respectively. As molecular proxies, concentrations of marine derived alkenones and terrestrial derived odd-numbered n-alkanes were used, which varied between 0.2 and 4 µg/g dry weight sediment. In addition, the branched vs. isoprenoid tetraether (BIT) index, a proxy for soil organic matter input, was used, which varied from 0.3 to 0.5 in this core. Application of binary mixing models, based on the different individual proxies, showed estimates for terrestrial OC input varying by up to 50% due to the heterogeneous nature of the OC. Application of a three end-member mixing model using the d13Corg content, the C/N ratio and the BIT index, enabled the distinction of soil and plant organic matter as separate contributors to the sedimentary OC pool. The results show that marine OC accounts for 20% to 40% of the total OC present in the deep sea fan sediments over the last 20 kyr and that soil OC accounts for about half (45% on average) of the OC present. This suggests that soil OC represents the majority of the terrestrial OC delivered to the fan sediments. Accumulation rates of the plant and soil OC fractions over the last 20 kyr varied by a factor of up to 5, and are strongly related to sediment accumulation rates. They showed an increase starting at ca. 17 kyr BP, a decline during the Younger Dryas, peak values during the early Holocene and lower values in the late Holocene. This pattern matches with reconstructions of past central African humidity and Congo River discharge from the same core and revealed that central African precipitation patterns exert a dominant control on terrestrial OC deposition in the Congo deep sea fan. Marine OC accumulation rates are only weakly related to sediment accumulation rates and vary only little over time compared to the terrigenous fractions. These variations are likely a result of enhanced preservation during times of higher sedimentation rates and of relative small fluctuations in primary production due to wind-driven upwelling.