(Table 1) Stable isotope data of chemoherm carbonates at Hydrate Ridge on the Cascadia continental margin

Two active chemoherm build-ups growing freely up into the oceanic water column, the Pinnacle and the South East-Knoll Chemoherms, have been discovered at Hydrate Ridge on the Cascadia continental margin. These microbially-mediated carbonate formations rise above the seafloor by several tens of meters and display a pinnacle-shaped morphology with steep flanks. The recovered rocks are pure carbonates dominated by aragonite. Based on fabric and mineralogic composition different varieties of authigenic aragonite can be distinguished. Detailed visual and petrographic investigations unambiguously reveal the involvement of microbes during the formation of the carbonates. The fabric of the cryptocrystalline and fibrous aragonite can be described as thrombolitic. Fossilized microbial filaments in the microcrystalline aragonite indicate the intimate relationship between microbes and carbonates. The strongly 13C-depleted carbon isotope values of the samples (as low as -48.1 per mill PDB) are characteristic of methane as the major carbon source for the carbonate formation. The methane-rich fluids from which the carbonates are precipitated originate most probably from a gas reservoir below the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) and rise through fault systems. The d18O values of the aragonitic chemoherm carbonates are substantially higher (as high as 5.0 per mill PDB) than the expected equilibrium value for an aragonite forming from ambient seawater (3.5 per mill PDB). As a first approximation this indicates formation from glacial ocean water but other factors are considered as well. A conceptual model is presented for the precipitation of these chemoherm carbonates based on in situ observations and the detailed petrographic investigation of the carbonates. This model explains the function of the consortium of archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria that grows on the carbonates performing anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and enabling the precipitation of the chemoherms above the seafloor surrounded by oxic seawater. Beggiatoa mats growing on the surface of the chemoherms oxidize the sulfide provided by sulfate-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane within an oxic environment. The contact between Beggiatoa and the underlying microbial consortium represents the interface between the overlying oxic water column and an anoxic micro-environment where carbonate formation takes place.

Geochemistry of ODP Leg 127 igneous rocks

Legs 127 and 128 of the Ocean Drilling Program cored basement samples from two sites in the Yamato Basin (Sites 794 and 797) and one site in the Japan Basin (Site 795) of the Japan Sea. These samples represent sills and lava flows erupted or shallowly intruded in a marine environment during backarc extension and spreading in the middle Miocene. In this paper, we describe the geochemical characteristics of these igneous units using 52 new instrumental neutron activation analyses (INAA), 8 new X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses, and previous shipboard XRF analyses. The sills intruded into soft sediment at Sites 794 and 797 were subject to extensive hydrothermal activity, estimated at <230° C under subgreenschist facies conditions, which heavily to totally altered the fine-grained unit margins and moderately to heavily altered the coarse-grained unit interiors. Diagenesis further altered the composition of these igneous bodies and lava flows at Sites 794, 795, and 797, most intensely at unit margins. Our study of two well-sampled units shows that Mg, Ca, Sr, and the large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) mobilized during alteration, and that the concentrations of Y, Yb, and Lu decreased and Ce increased in the most severely altered samples. Nevertheless, our study shows that the rare-earth elements (REE) were relatively immobile in the majority of the samples, even where secondary mixed-layer clays comprised the great majority of the rock. Fresher Yamato Basin samples are compositionally heterogenous tholeiitic basalts and dolerites. At Site 794 in the north-central portion of the basin, Units 1 to 5 (upper basement) comprise mildly light rare-earth element (LREE) enriched basalts and dolerites (chondrite-normalized La/Sm of 1.4-1.8), while the stratigraphically lower Units 6 to 9 are less enriched dolerites with (La/Sm)N of 0.7-1.3. All Site 794 samples lack Nb and Ta depletions and LILE enrichments, lacking a strong subduction-related incompatible element geochemical signature. At Site 797 in the western margin of the basin, two stratigraphically-definable unit groups also occur. The upper nine units are incompatible-element depleted tholeiitic sills and flows with strong depletions of Nb and Ta relative to normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB). The lower twelve sills represent LREE-enriched tholeiites (normalized La/Sm ranges from 1.1 to 1.8), with distinctly higher LILE and high field-strength element (HFSE) contents. At Site 795 at the northern margin of the Japan Sea, three eruptive units consist of basaltic andesite to calc-alkaline basalt (normalized La/Sm of 1.1 to 1.5) containing moderate depletions of the HFSE relative to N-MORB. The LILE-depleted nature of these samples precludes their origin in a continental arc, indicating that they more likely erupted within a rifting oceanic arc system. The heterogenous nature of the Japan Sea rocks indicate that they were derived at each site from multiple parental magmas generated from a compositionally heterogenous mantle source. Their chemistry is intermediate in character between arc basalts, MORB, and intraplate basalts, and implies little involvement of continental crust at any point in their genesis. Their flat chondrite-normalized, medium-to-heavy rare earth patterns indicate that the primary magmas which produced them last equilibrated with and segregated from spinel lherzolite at shallow depths (<30 kbar). In strong contrast to their isotopic compositional arrays, subduction-related geochemical signatures are usually poorly defined. No basin-wide temporal or geographic systematics of rock chemistry may be confidently detailed; instead, the data show both intimate (site-specific) and widespread backarc mantle heterogeneity over a narrow (2 Ma or so) range in time, with mantle heterogeneity most closely resembling a "plum-pudding" model.

Isotopic and chemical compositions of lower crust rocks and minerals from ODP Hole 176-735B

The composition of gabbroic rocks from the drill core of Hole 735B (ODP Leg 176) at the 11 Ma Atlantis II bank close to the slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) has been analyzed for major and trace elements and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic composition. The samples are thought to represent much of the mineralogical and geochemical variation in a vertical 1-km section (500-1500 m below the sea floor) of the lower ocean crust. Primitive troctolitic gabbros, olivine gabbros and gabbros that have Mg#=84-70, Ca#>61 and low Na# (Na/(Na+Al)) (8-17) are intruded by patches or veins of more evolved FeTi-oxide rich gabbroic and dioritic rocks with Mg# to 20, Ca# to 32, Na#=14-23, TiO2<7 wt.% and FeOtotal<18 wt.%. All rocks are acdcumulates, and incompatible element concentrations are low, e.g. Pb=0.1-0.7 ppm and Uintimate relationship is indicated. The small-scale inhomogeneity indicated for the SWIR MORB-mantle at the Atlantis II Fracture Zone was probably inherited by the lower crustal rocks due to small-scale melting and monogenetic magma chambers at this slow spreading ridge.

Maceral distribution, stratigraphic position and vitrinite reflectance at DSDP Hole 81-555

Twenty-four sediment samples from late Paleocene to early Eocene were studied for maceral content, vitrinite reflectance, and spectral fluorescence in order to determine some parameters of the origin and diagenetic history of their organic fraction. The sediments had been obtained at Site 555 of DSDP Leg 81 in the northeastern North Atlantic. The bulk of the microscopically visible fraction is made up of humic materials; inertinites follow as a distant second; and liptinites are exceedingly rare. No unequivocal evidence of marine organic matter was found. Humic materials are highly decomposed, showing signs of aerobic (frequency of sclerotinites) as well as anaerobic (abundance of and intimate association with framboidal pyrite) microbial degradation. Vitrinite reflectance values vary between 0.26 and 0.35 Ro and show a slight increase with depth. These values, indicative of a low-rank lignite stage of coalification, contrast somewhat with the sporinite fluorescence spectra, which show the configuration typical for the peat stage. In either case, the evidence for such a low stage of coalification is surprising in view of the depth and age of the sediments.

Contents and isotopic speciation of sedimentary carbon and nitrogen in sediment core MD01-2404, the Okinawa Trough

Total organic carbon to total nitrogen ratio (C/N) and their isotopic composition (d13CTOC vs. d15NTN) are oft-applied proxies to discern terrigenous from marine sourced organics and to unravel the ancient environmental information. In high depositional Asian marginal seas, matrixes, including N-bearing minerals, dilution leads to illusive and even contradictive interpretations. We use KOH-KOBr to separate operationally defined total organic matter into oxidizable (labile) and residual fractions for content and isotope measurements. In a sediment core in the Okinawa Trough, significant amounts of carbon and nitrogen existed in the residual phase, in which the C/N ratio was ~9 resembling most documented sedimentary bulk C/N ratios in the China marginal seas. Such similarity creates a pseudo-C/N interrupting the application of bulk C/N. The residual carbon, though composition unknown, it displayed a d13C range (-22.7 to -18.9 per mil, mean -20.7 per mil) similar to black carbon (-24.0 to -22.8 per mil) in East China Sea surface sediments. After removing residual fraction, we found the temporal pattern of d13CLOC in labile fraction (LOC) was more variable but broadly agreed with the atmospheric pCO2-induced changes in marine endmember d13C. Thus, we suggested adding pCO2-induced endmember modulation into two-endmember mixing model for paleo-environment reconstruction. Meanwhile, the residual nitrogen revealed an intimate association with illite content suggesting its terrestrial origin. Additionally, d15N in residual fraction likely carried the climate imprint from land. Further studies are required to explore the controlling factors for carbon and nitrogen isotopic speciation and to retrieve the information locked in the residual fraction.

(Table 3, page 373) Chemical composition of manganese nodules from the Komahashi-Daini Seamount in the Northern Philippine Sea

Petrological, mineralogical and chemical investigations of marine manganese nodules from the West Pacific revealed the intimate relation between the chemical and mineral compositions and the remarkable preferential partitioning of metal elements in the ferromanganese minerals. The microscopic observations of textures of manganese nodules tell the growth history of manganese nodules and the formation conditions of ferromanganese minerals. Chemical compositions of nodules from Komahashi-Daini Seamount are very similar to those of the nodules from marginal banks and seamounts. Compositional variations in the bulk composition of nodules collected from the same dredge haul are considerably small, suggesting the similarity of the growth history of individual nodules, although the contents of metal elements vary remarkably from layer to layer in a single nodule.