Geotechnical properties at DSDP Leg 66 Holes

Delineating the interrelationships between tectonics, sedimentation, and geotechnical properties is particularly important for areas subjected to the dynamic affects of convergence. DSDP Leg 66 drilling within the Middle America Trench complex provided a unique opportunity to investigate these interrelationships along a transect of eight drill sites beginning on the trench outer slope and traversing the trench, trench inner slope, and upper continental slope. Investigations of other convergent margins suggest that deformation occurs most rapidly along the lower trench inner slope and is reflected by the geotechnical properties (Carson, 1977; Seely, 1977; and von Huene, 1979). This study focuses on the geotechnical properties of Middle America Trench sediments and the possible affects of convergence on these properties.

Physical and geotechnical properties of Norwegian Sea sediments

Sediment composition and rate of deposition are the primary factors responsible for determining the spatial distribution of geotechnical properties on the Wring Plateau. Grain size and depth of burial have no significant influence. Vertical and lateral changes in geotechnical properties are associated with vertical and lateral composition changes in which biogenic silica is the most important variable. Anomalous trends of decreasing density and increasing porosity and water content with depth are associated with increasing silica content downsection. Void ratios, inferred in-situ permeability, and change in void ratio during consolidation testing are relatively high in siliceous sediments and tend to increase as the biogenic silica content increases. Portions of the section are overconsolidated, probably as a result of changes in sediment accumulation rates. However, the higher permeabilities of siliceous sediments may also be a factor influencing consolidation state.

Geotechnical properties of sediments at DSDP Leg 84 Holes

The geotechnical characteristics of 22 sediment samples from Leg 84 sites were studied in an effort to associate these with processes active along the Middle America slope and with sedimentation mechanisms. Geotechnical properties measured include water content, porosity, bulk density, Atterberg limits, consolidation characteristics, permeability, and vane shear strength. A majority of samples obtained from Sites 565, 568, and 570 show significant disturbance resulting from degassing. This disturbance apparently results in underconsolidation, although other mechanisms such as excess pore pressures generated from the subduction process can also contribute to this state. Overconsolidated sediments were found at Sites 565, 566, and 569. The overconsolidated sediments at Sites 565 and 569 may result from downslope transport mechanisms rearranging and stressing the sediment mass under consideration. The sediment condition at Site 566 is probably a result of eroded overburden: an estimated 87 m of overlying sediments may have been removed. Geotechnical and permeability relationships with depth are consistent with those found for other hemipelagic sediments of silty clay to clayey silt textures.

Geotechnical engineering characterization of sediments at DSDP Leg 72 Holes

The hydraulic piston coring device (HPC-15) allows recovery of deep ocean sediments with minimal disturbance. The device was used during Leg 72 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) aboard the Glomar Challenger. Core samples were recovered from bore holes in the Rio Grande Rise in the southwest Atlantic Ocean. Relatively undisturbed sediment cores were obtained from Holes 515A, 516, 517, and 518. The results of shipboard physical property measurements and on-shore geotechnical laboratory tests on these cores are presented in this chapter. A limited number of 0.3 m cores were obtained and used in a series of geotechnical tests, including one-dimensional consolidation, direct shear, Atterburg limit, particle size analysis, and specific gravity tests. Throughout the testing program, attention was focused on assessment of sample disturbance associated with the HPC-15 coring device. The HPC-15 device limits sample disturbance reasonably well in terrigenous muds (clays). However, sample disturbance associated with coring calcareous sediments (nannofossil-foraminifer oozes) is severe. The noncohesive, granular behavior of the calcareous sediments is vulnerable to severe disturbance, because of the design of the sampling head on the device at the time of Leg 72. A number of modifications to the sampling head design are recommended and discussed in this chapter. The modifications will improve sample quality for testing purposes and provide longer unbroken core samples by reducing friction between the sediment column and the sampling tool.

Geotechnical properties of shelf sdiments from the Prydz Bay

This paper presents a geotechnical characterization of the glacigenic sediments in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica, based on the shipboard physical properties data obtained during Leg 119, combined with results of land-based analyses of 24 whole-round core samples. Main emphasis is placed on the land-based studies, which included oedometer consolidation tests, triaxial and simple shear tests for undrained shear strength, permeability tests in oedometer and triaxial cell, Atterberg limits, and grain-size analyses. The bulk of the tested sediments comprise overconsolidated diamictites of a relatively uniform lithology. The overconsolidation results from a combination of glacial loading and sediment overburden subsequently removed by extensive glacial erosion of the shelf. This leads to downhole profiles of physical properties that have been observed not to change as a function of the thickness of present overburden. A number of fluctuations in the parameters shows a relatively systematic trend and most likely results from changes in the proximity to the ice sheet grounding line in response to variations in the glacial regime. Very low permeabilities mainly result from high preconsolidation stresses (Pc'). Pc' values up to 10,000 kPa were estimated from the oedometer tests, and empirical estimates based on undrained shear strengths (up to 2500 kPa) indicate that the oedometer results are conservative. The diamictites generally classify as inactive, of low to medium plasticity, and they consolidate with little deformation, even when subjected to great stresses. This is the first report of geotechnical data from deep boreholes on the Antarctic continental shelf, but material of similar character can also be expected in other areas around the Antarctic.

Geotechnical properties of Lau Basin sediments

Distribution of pore space and degree of cementation appear to be the main factors controlling the permeability of sediments retrieved from the Lau Basin. The undisturbed microfabrics of two lithologies, nannofossil ooze and vitric sandy silt, commonly found at Holes 834A, 835A, 838A, and 839Aof Leg 135 were examined by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectral analysis and image analysis systems. The results of these analyses were compared with laboratory determinations of porosity, grain-size distribution, and permeability on discrete samples from the same sediment depths. The permeability of the vitric sandy silt is 3-5 orders of magnitude higher than the nannofossil ooze samples. The porosity of nannofossil ooze ranges from 6% to 12% greater than the porosity of vitric sandy silt, which partially reflects the finer texture of nannofossil ooze. Although the correlation of higher porosity with lower permeability is not surprising, factors other than simply grain-size distribution must be invoked to explain the large differences in permeability found in these samples.

In-situ geotechnical measurements with the dynamic penetrometer Nimrod on the continental shelf off the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand

We tested the ability of a small dynamic penetrometer, Nimrod, to infer geotechnical properties of sediment mixtures in the inner shelf. The penetrometer is light and easy to operate, and its operation by scuba divers ensures a greater degree of precision than ship-based penetrometer deployments. We have studied selected positions along a sorted bedform (~ 100 m wide) on the continental shelf off the Coromandel Peninsula close to Tairua, North Island of New Zealand, and additionally took sediment samples at the exact positions of penetrometer impact, also by scuba divers. The derived dynamic penetrometer signatures (i) measured deceleration of the probe and estimated quasi-static bearing capacity as a measure of sediment strength, (ii) reflected changes in grain-size distribution ranging from very fine to very coarse sands, and (iii) revealed the uppermost seafloor stratification (top layer 2-6 cm) potentially being an indicator for sediment dynamics. In this manner, the device proved to be suitable for spatially fine-scaled surveys using divers' support and might deliver complementary information about sediment dynamics, in this case sorted-bedform maintenance.

Geotechnical properties of sediments at DSDP Site 75-532

During Leg 75 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) from the D/V Glomar Challenger, a 200-m deep hole was drilled at Hole 532A on the eastern side of Walvis Ridge at a water depth of 1331 m. Sediment cores were obtained by means of a hydraulic piston corer. All of the cores from this boring were designated for geotechnical studies and were distributed among eight institutions. The results of laboratory studies on these sediment cores were compiled and analyzed. Sediment properties, including physical characteristics, strength, consolidation, and permeability were studied to evaluate changes as a function of depth of burial. It was concluded that the sediment profile to the explored depth of 200 m at Walvis Ridge consists of approximately 50 m of foram-nannofossil marl (Subunit 1a) over 64 m of diatom-nannofossil marl (Subunit 1b) over nannofossil marl (Subunit 1c) to the depth explored. All three sediment units appear to be normally consolidated, although some anomalies seem to exist to a depth of 120 m. No distinct differences were found among the sediment properties of the three subunits (1a, 1b, and 1c) identified at this site.

Range charts of stratigraphically important radiolarian species in sediments of ODP Leg 165 sites

The Paleogene sequences from three sites in the Caribbean were examined for radiolarians. In general, samples are highly lithified, requiring lengthy and repetitive cleaning procedures, and the assemblages are usually fragmented and/or partially dissolved. Both abundances and preservation of the assemblages vary considerably from site to site and within a single site; even within a single sample more than one degree of preservation was observed. It was possible, however, to construct at least partial stratigraphies for each of the three sites. Because the abundance of radiolarians is high even in extremely poorly preserved assemblages, we conclude that the differences in biogenic silica preservation are the result of postdepositional processes and not productivity. In both Sites 999 and 1001, near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary (Bekoma bidartensis Zone [RP7]), there is a short interval in which the abundance and preservation state of the radiolarians improves relative to overlying and underlying assemblages. In each case the intervals corresponds to the level, identified by calcareous microfossils, as representing changes in paleoceanographic conditions associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum.