Tree ring record from a Redwood

The permanent exhibition of the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Schloss Rosenstein, contains the cross section of a California coast redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) from Humboldt County, California, felled in 1966 reveals 1285 annual tree-rings. The measured thicknesses of tree-rings comprise a time series with distinct thickness variations, which are the expression of changing environmental conditions such as precipitation and fog. These factors are controlled by nearby coastal upwelling, which is again influenced by El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and which in turn can be influenced by variations of solar radiance. In fact, the tree-ring time series comprises evidence for three orders of solar cycles that may have indirectly controlled tree growth: Hale cycle (21.9 yr), Gleissberg cycle (88.6 yr) and De Vries cycle (209.8 yr). These interpretations should, however, be treated with caution, because it is the only cross section known and the acquirement of reliable data requires cross dating of several sections. (was: The cross section of a California coast redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) felled in 1966 reveals 1285 annual tree-rings. The measured thicknesses of tree-rings comprise a time series with distinct thickness variations, which are the expression of changing environmental conditions such as precipitation and fog. These factors are controlled by nearby coastal upwelling, which is again influenced by El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and which in turn can be influenced by variations of solar radiance. In fact, the tree-ring time series comprises evidence for three orders of solar cycles that may have indirectly controlled tree growth: Hale cycle (21.9 yr), Gleissberg cycle (88.6 yr) and De Vries cycle (209.8 yr).

Chemical and mineral compositions of basalts and volcanic glasses from DSDP Sites 65-483 and 65-485

Major and rare earth element (REE) data for basalts from Holes 483, 483B, and 485A of DSDP Leg 65, East Pacific Rise, mouth of the Gulf of California, support a simple fractional crystallization model for the genesis of rocks from this suite. The petrography and mineral chemistry (presented in detail elsewhere) provide no evidence for magma mixing, but rather a simple multistage cooling process. Based on its lowest TiO2 content (0.88%), FeO*/MgO ratio (0.95 with total Fe as FeO), and Mg# (100 Mg/Mg + Fe" = 70), sample 483-17-2-(78-83) has been selected as the most primitive primary magma of the samples analyzed. This is supported by the REE data which show this sample has the lowest total REE content, a La/Sm_cn (chondrite-normalized) = 0.36, and Eu/Sm_cn = 1.05. Because other samples analyzed have higher SiO2, lower Mg#, and a negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Sm_cn as low as 0.89), they are most likely derivative magmas. Wright-Doherty and trace element modelling support fractional crystallization of 14.1% plagioclase (An88), 6.7% olivine (Fo86), and 4.7% clinopyroxene (Wo41En49Fs10) from 483-17-2-(78-83) to form the least differentiated sample with Mg# = 63. The La/Sm_cn of this derivative magma is almost identical to the parent magma (0.35 to 0.36), but the other samples have higher La/Sm_cn (0.45 to 0.51), more total REE, and lower Mg# (60 to 56). Both Wright-Doherty and trace element modelling indicate that the primary magma chosen cannot produce these more evolved samples. For the major elements, the TiO2 and P2O5 are too low in the calculated versus the observed (1.38 to 1.90; 0.11 to 0.17, respectively, for example). Rayleigh fractionation calculates a lower La/Sm_cn and requires about 60% crystal removal versus 40% for the Wright-Doherty. These more evolved samples must be derived from a parent magma different from the one selected here and, unfortunately, not sampled in this study. A magma formed by a smaller degree of partial melting with slightly more residual clinopyroxene left in the mantle than for sample 483-17-2-(78-83) is required.