Concentrations of floating plastic debris in the Mediterranean Sea measured during MedSeA-2013 cruise

Floating plastic debris sampled in surface waters of the Mediterranean Sea in May 2013 on board the Spanish R/V Angeles Alvariño. Geographical coordinates and dates of sampling are available in the dataset. Surface plastic concentrations derived from net tows were adjusted in relation to wind speed following the vertical-distribution model proposed by Kukulta et al. (2012, doi:10.1029/2012GL051116).

(Table 1) Statistics of size measurements of Lagenoeca antarctica sp. n. and Salpingoeca abyssalis sp. n. (floating form) sampled during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXII/2 and METEOR cruise M63/2

Despite their high abundance and their high importance for the oceanic matter flux, heterotrophic nanoflagellates are only poorly studied in the deep-sea regions. Studies on the choanoflagellate distribution during two deep-sea expeditions, to the South Atlantic (5038 m) and Antarctica (Weddell Sea, 2551 m), revealed the deepest records of choanoflagellates so far. A new species, (Lagenoeca antarctica) with a conspicuous spike structure on the theca is described from deep Antarctic waters. Lagenoeca antarctica sp. n. is a solitary unstalked free living salpingoecid-like choanoflagellate. The protoplast is surrounded by a typical theca with unique spikes only visible in SEM micrographs. The ovoid cell nearly fills the whole theca and ranges in size from 4 to 6 µm. The collar measures 2-3 µm and the flagellum 3-5 µm. A second species, Salpingoeca abyssalis sp. n., was isolated from the abyssal plain of the South Atlantic (5038 m depth). Floating and attached forms were observed. The protoplast ranges from to 2 to 4 µm in length and 1 to 2 µm in width. The collar is about the same length as the protoplast and the flagellum has 2 to 2.5 × the length of the protoplast. Phylogenetic analyses based on a fragment of SSU rDNA revealed Salpingoeca abyssalis to cluster together with a marine isolate of Salpingoeca infusionum while Lagenoeca antarctica clusters separately from the other codonosigid and salpingoecid taxa. Salpingoeca abyssalis and an undetermined Monosiga species seems to be the first choanoflagellate species recorded from the abyssal plain.