Effective acoustical monitoring tools for Mannophryne lamarcai

We performed the field-work during the dry (March 2014) and reainy season (May and June 2014) at the species type locality: Cerro Socopó, located at central-west region between Falcón, Lara and Zulia states, Venezuela. Socopó is a small and isolated mountain (1.571 m) belonging to the Ziruma mountains, and represents a relict of tropical mountain forest surrounded by semi-arid vegetation and grassland. This area is home to 312 species of vertebrates, including endangered and endemic amphibians species like Mannophryne lamarcai, Leptodactylus magistris and Dendropsophus amicorum. These forest and species are severely threatened by cattle ranch and illegal timber extraction, with forest formations only above 1000 meters. Despite this, no legal protected figure has been established in the area. We identified a 2.5 km secondary road transect within the study area based on the following criteria: 1) it cover different habitat types (streams and lagoons); and 2) it within the altitudinal gradient described for the specie (1,040 to 1,363 m). We identified three sampling points throughout the transect located in the vicinity of wetland habits: socopo1, socopo2 and socopo4. We did two types of recordings: 1) high quality recordings to characterize the advertisement call for M. lamarcai, non described to date (socopo4), and 2) recordings in different sampling points to evaluate call detectors performance in different acoustic scenarios (in all three localities).

Effective stress, porosity, p-wave velocity and mineral composition of ODP Hole 174A-1073A sediments

Porosity, permeability, and compressional (P-wave) velocity were measured as a function of stress on sediments from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1073, U.S. Mid-Atlantic continental slope. Thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses provided mineralogical characteristics of the samples. Uniaxial strain boundary conditions were imposed on the samples during consolidation tests with the maximum effective axial stress reaching 13 MPa. The maximum effective radial stress necessary to maintain uniaxial strain was 7.6 MPa. Over an effective axial stress interval of 0 to 5.2 MPa, Sample 174A-1073A-26X-2, 82-89 cm (226.65 meters below seafloor [mbsf]), exhibited the largest decrease in porosity (51% to 41%), whereas Sample 71X-1, 2-8 cm (644.70 mbsf), exhibited the smallest decrease in porosity (48% to 45%). All samples showed negligible porosity increases during unloading. The permeability (on the order of 1 x 10-17 m**2) of Sample 174A-1073A-71X-1, 2-8 cm, was twice that measured on Sample 8H-1, 23-26 cm (63.75 mbsf), even though the former was considerably deeper and older. The differences in porosity-stress behavior and permeability between shallow and deep samples is related to lithologic, mineralogic, and diagenetic differences between the sediments above and below the Pliocene-Pleistocene to Miocene unconformity. P-wave velocity for Samples 174A-1073A-41X-5, 97-103 cm (372.35 mbsf), and 71X-1, 2-8 cm, increased with decreasing porosity, but did not change significantly during unloading.

Phytoplankton calcification as an effective mechanism to alleviate cellular calcium poisoning

Marine phytoplankton has developed the remarkable ability to tightly regulate the concentration of free calcium ions in the intracellular cytosol at a level of ~ 0.1 µmol /l in the presence of seawater Ca2+ concentrations of 10 mmol/1. The low cytosolic calcium ion concentration is of utmost importance for proper cell signalling function. While the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the tight control of intracellular Ca2+ concentration are not completely understood, phytoplankton taxonomic groups appear to have evolved different strategies, which may affect their ability to cope with changes in seawater Ca2+ concentrations in their environment on geological time scales. For example, the Cretaceous (145 to 66 Ma ago), an era known for the high abundance of coccolithophores and the production of enormous calcium carbonate deposits, exhibited seawater calcium concentrations up to four times present-day levels. We show that calcifying coccolithophore species (Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Coccolithus braarudii) are able to maintain their relative fitness (in terms of growth rate and photosynthesis) at simulated Cretaceous seawater calcium concentrations, whereas these rates are severely reduced under these conditions in some non-calcareous phytoplankton species (Chaetoceros sp., Ceratoneis closterium and Heterosigma akashiwo). Most notably, this also applies to a non-calcifying strain of E. huxleyi which displays a calcium-sensitivity similar to the non-calcareous species. We hypothesize that the process of calcification in coccolithophores provides an efficient mechanism to alleviate cellular calcium poisoning and thereby offered a potential key evolutionary advantage, responsible for the proliferation of coccolithophores during times of high seawater calcium concentrations. The exact function of calcification and the reason behind the highly-ornate physical structures of coccoliths remain elusive.