Chemical and mineral compositions of Northwest Pacific bottom sediments and their grain size fractions

A detailed study of chemical composition of bottom sediments along a profile through the Northwest Pacific Basin has allowed to identify and describe four lithofacies types of bottom sediments. Distinguished types of sediments form a genetic series reflecting changing conditions of sedimentation from near-shore to central regions of the ocean. Along the strike of pelagic clays a gradual transition from ash containing clays to zeolite containing clays is established. Ash particles and zeolites have similar forms of occurrence. Together with other data it suggests that zeolites have been formed by diagenetic transformation of rhyolitic glass. Regular changes of CaCO3, amorphous SiO2, Fe and Mn contents in bottom sediments from the coast to the pelagic zone are shown.

Isotopic composition of carbon in organic matter of sediments and particulate matter from the Northwest Pacific

A study was made of isotopic composition of carbon in lipids found in three samples of separate particulates and in eight bottom sediment samples collected in a from the Simushir Island towards the open Pacific Ocean. Average d13C of lipids from particulates was 2.3 per mil lower than one of sediments. Humic acids from sediments are the most isotopically heavy fraction (d13C = -21.2 per mil). Isotopic composition of carbon in lipids depended on their total content in samples and on composition of sediments. Formation of isotopically heavy lipids in the surface layer of sediments may be associated with biogeochemical resynthesis of humic acids.

Palaeoclimate reconstructions of the Oligocene to Pliocene from eight sites in northwest Germany using the Coexistence Approach

The first detailed reconstruction of the continental palaeoclimate evolution of the Northwest German Tertiary (Late Oligocene to Pliocene) is presented. The paleoclimate data are derived from the paleobotanical record using the coexistence approach, a method recently introduced that employs climatic requirements of the Nearest Living Relatives of a fossil flora. Twenty six megafloras (fruits and seeds, leaves, woods) from the Tertiary succession of the Lower Rhine Basin and neighboring areas are analyzed with respect to ten meteorological parameters. Additionally, two sample sets from Late Miocene to Early Pliocene sediments comprising 396 palynofloras are analyzed by the same method providing a higher temporal resolution. The temperature curves show a comparatively cooler phase in the Late Oligocene, a warm interval the Middle Miocene, and a cooling starting at 14 Ma. The cooling trend persisted until Late Pliocene with a few higher frequency temperature variations observed. From the beginning of Late Miocene to the present, the seasonality increases and climate appears to have been less stable. As indicated by the precipitation data, a Cfa climate with wet summers persisted in NW Germany from Late Oligocene to Late Pliocene. The results obtained are well in accordance with regional and global isotope curves derived from the marine record, and allow for a refined correlation of the Tertiary succession in the Lower Rhine Basin with the international standard. It is shown that the reconstructed data are largely consistent with the continental climate record for the Northern Hemisphere, as reported by various authors. Discrepancies with previous reconstructions are discussed in detail.

Phytoplankton responses and associated carbon cycling during shipboard carbonate chemistry manipulation experiments conducted around Northwest European shelf seas

The ongoing oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is significantly altering the carbonate chemistry of seawater, a phenomenon referred to as ocean acidification. Experimental manipulations have been increasingly used to gauge how continued ocean acidification will potentially impact marine ecosystems and their associated biogeochemical cycles in the future; however, results amongst studies, particularly when performed on natural communities, are highly variable, which may reflect community/environment-specific responses or inconsistencies in experimental approach. To investigate the potential for identification of more generic responses and greater experimentally reproducibility, we devised and implemented a series (n = 8) of short-term (2-4 days) multi-level (>=4 conditions) carbonate chemistry/nutrient manipulation experiments on a range of natural microbial communities sampled in Northwest European shelf seas. Carbonate chemistry manipulations and resulting biological responses were found to be highly reproducible within individual experiments and to a lesser extent between geographically separated experiments. Statistically robust reproducible physiological responses of phytoplankton to increasing pCO2, characterised by a suppression of net growth for small-sized cells (<10 µm), were observed in the majority of the experiments, irrespective of natural or manipulated nutrient status. Remaining between-experiment variability was potentially linked to initial community structure and/or other site-specific environmental factors. Analysis of carbon cycling within the experiments revealed the expected increased sensitivity of carbonate chemistry to biological processes at higher pCO2 and hence lower buffer capacity. The results thus emphasise how biogeochemical feedbacks may be altered in the future ocean.