Age and chemical composition of volcanic rocks and minerals from the Vityaz Ridge

This paper reports results of geological studies carried out during two marine expeditions of R/VAkademik M.A. Lavrent'ev (Cruises 37 and 41) in 2005 and 2006 at the underwater Vityaz Ridge. Dredging has yielded various rocks from the basement and sedimentary cover of the ridge within three polygons. On the basis of radioisotope age determinations, petrochemical, and paleontological data all the rocks have been subdivided into the following complexes: volcanic rock of Paleocene, Eocene, Late Oligocene, Middle Miocene, and Pliocene-Pleistocene; volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks of Late Cretaceous - Early Paleocene, Paleogene (undifferentiated), Oligocene - Early Miocene, and Pliocene-Pleistocene. Determinations of age and chemical composition of the rocks have enabled to specify formation conditions of the complexes and to trace geological evolution of the Vityaz Ridge. Presence of young Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanites allows to conclude about the modern tectono-magmatic activity of the central part of the Pacific slope of the Kuril Islands.

Geochemistry of Walvis Ridge basalts

The proposed origins for the Enriched Mantle I component are many and various and some require an arbitrary addition of an exotic component, be it pure sediment or an enriched melt from the subcontinental lithosphere. With Pitcairn, Walvis Ridge is the 'type-locality' for the Enriched Mantle I (EMI) component. We analyzed basalts from DSDP Site 525A, Site 527 and Site 528 on the Walvis Ridge with the aim to constrain the history of its source. The isotopic compositions we measured for the three sites overlap with the values obtained by Richardson et al. (1982a) and extend towards less radiogenic Sr and more radiogenic Pb and Nd isotopic compositions. We used our new trace element and radiogenic isotope (Hf, Nd, Pb and Sr) characterization in combination with the literature data to produce the simplest possible model that satisfies the trace element and isotopic constraints. Although the elevated 207Pb/204Pb with respect to 206Pb/204Pb predicts an ancient origin for EMI, none of the proposed origins had modeled it as such. The data is consistent with the EMI composition being formed by the addition of a melt to a mantle with bulk Earth-like composition followed by melt extraction of a low degree melt. The timing of these two events is such that the metasomatism has to have taken place prior to 4 Ga and the subsequent melt removal before 3.5 Ga. This confirms the expectation of an ancient character for the EMI component. The Walvis Ridge data shows two distinct two component mixing trends: one formed by the less enriched Site 527 and Site 528 basalts and one formed by the Site 525A basalts. The two trends have the EMI endmember in common. The less depleted end of the Site 527-Site 528 basalts is FOZO-like and can be explained by the addition of a recycled component (basaltic oceanic crust plus sediment). This recycled component was altered during subduction. The sense and magnitude of the chemical fractionation resulting from the subduction alteration are in agreement with dehydration experiments on basalts and sediment. Compared to other EMI like basalts the Walvis Ridge basalts have flatter REE patterns and show less fractionation between large ion lithophile and heavy REE elements. Using the isotopic compositions as constrains for the parent-daughter ratios we were able to model the trace element patterns of the basalts as melting between 5 and 10% for Site 525A and between 10 and 15% for the depleted end of the Site 528-Site 527 array. In all cases a significant portion of melting takes place in the garnet stability field.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundray on the Walvish Ridge

The isotopic composition and diversity of nannofossils were studied in cores from the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Sites 525A, 527, 528, and 529 from the Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic to better understand the changes which occurred across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary (K/T boundary). The stratigraphic range of the samples is from the Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis Zone in the Maastrichtian to the Heliolithus kleinpelli Zone in the Danian. Nannofossil diversity was high (Shannon-Weaver diversity index, 'H= 2.5-3) in the late Cretaceous, but decreased sharply (H c. 1 ) across the K/T boundary. The delta13C values also decrease across the K/T boundary at the four sites, suggesting a reduction in surface productivity in the South Atlantic concomitant with the reduction in diversity. During the Danian, nannofossil diversity and delta13C show some recovery approximately 500-700 k.y. after the boundary event. However, not until 2.5 Ma after the boundary event did diversity become constant. Diversity values similar to those for the late Cretaceous were not attained again in the early Paleocene interval studied. Carbon isotopic compositions similar to those from the Cretaceous were not attained until 4.5 Ma after the K/T event.

Precious metals and volatiles in rocks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15°20'N

Distribution patterns of gold, platinum group metals (PGE), and volatile components are studied in the main rock types of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge lithosphere (ultrabasites, gabbro, and basalts) from the transform fracture zone at 15°20'N. It is ascertained that PGE content depends on the reduction degree of fluids, on rock types, and on their formation conditions. It is noted that concentrations of refractory elements (Os, Ir, Rh) decrease, while those of fusible elements (Pt, Pd, Au) increase with depth. The chondrite type of distribution is only noted in the ultrabasite rocks. Increase in water and CO2 contents and in oxidation degree of fluids occurs with transition from basalts to ultrabasites, as well as from normal magmatic systems to fluid-enriched anomalous systems.

Calcareous nannofossil during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum in sediments of Walvish Ridge

Compositions and abundances of calcareous nannofossil taxa have been determined in a ca 170 kyrs long time interval across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary at 1-cm to 10-cm resolution from two ODP Sites (1262, 1263) drilled along the flank of the Walvis Ridge in the South Atlantic. The results are compared to published data from ODP Site 690 in the Weddell Sea. The assemblages underwent rapid evolution over a 74 kyrs period, indicating stressed, unstable and/or extreme photic zone environments during the PETM hyperthermal. This rapid evolution, which created 5 distinct stratigraphic horizons, is consistent with the restricted brief occurrences of malformed and/or weakly calcified morphotypes. The production of these aberrant morphotypes is possibly caused by major global scale changes in carbon cycling in the ocean-atmosphere system, affecting also photic zone environments. No marked paleoecologically induced changes are observed in abundances of the genera Discoaster, Fasciculithus and Sphenolithus at the Walvis Ridge sites. Surprisingly, there is no significant correlation in abundance between these three genera, presumed to have had a similar paleoecological preference for warm and oligotrophic conditions.

Composition and distribution of silica in sediments of the Broken Ridge

Within a dipping sequence of middle Cretaceous to Eocene sediments on Broken Ridge, opal-A, opal-CT, and quartz occur as minor constituents in carbonate and ash-rich sediments. Biogenic opal-A is mainly derived from diatoms and radiolarians. Opal-A and almost all siliceous microfossils disappear within a narrow (<20-m-thick) transition zone below which authigenic opal-CT and quartz are present. These latter silica polymorphs occur together within a 750-m-thick interval, but the ratio of quartz/opal-CT increases with increasing age and depth within the pre-rift sediment sequence. The boundary between opal-A- and opal-CT-bearing sediments is also a physical boundary at which density, P-wave velocity, and acoustic impedance change. This physical transition is probably caused by infilling of pore space by opal-CT lepispheres.

Paleocene and Eocene nannofossil datums from Shatsky Rise and Walvis Ridge

The precision of late Paleocene to middle Eocene nannofossil datums is investigated by means of quantitative methods and correlated to the magnetic polarity stratigraphy, using sequences from the Northwest Pacific, Southeast Atlantic and Italy. It is the rule rather than the exception to find tails of very reduced abundances prior to, or after, a range of consistent and higher abundances. The absolutely first or final occurrence of a species, therefore, seldom provides a synchronous datum when material from different geographic areas are compared. On the other band, synchroneity is often confirmed when the initial sharp rise or the final sharp decline in abundance is used as datum level. The use of datums not employed in the two principal existing nannofossil zonal schemes can substantially improve the biostratigraphic resolution. Two established zonal markers show abundance patterns making them unsuitable as datums: the first occurrences of Ellipsolithus macellus (base NP4, diachronous) and Tribrachiatus nunnii (base NP10 and Paleocene/Eocene boundary, too rare and too short range in open ocean sections). The first occurrence of either Fasciculithus spp. or Sphenolithus spp. is a better marker near the base of NP4. The first occurrence of Discoaster diastypus at 56.6 Ma represents a suitable replacement for recognition of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary.