Trace element abundance, and Sr and Nd isotope ratios of dust samples in the Pacific Ocean (Table 2)

Eolian dust preserved in deep-sea sediment cores provides a valuable indicator of past atmospheric circulation and continental paleoclimate. In order to identify the provenance of eolian dust, Nd and Sr isotopic compositions and Rb, Sr and rare earth element (REE) concentrations have been determined for the silicate fractions of deep-sea sediments from the north and central Pacific Ocean. Different regions of the Pacific Ocean are characterized by distinct air-borne inputs, producing a large range in epsolin-Nd (-10 to +1), 87Sr/86Sr (0.705-0.721), La/Yb (5-15), EuN/EuN* (0.6-1.0) and Sr/Nd (4-33). The average Nd isotopic composition of Pacific deep-sea sediments (epsilon-Nd = -6), is more radiogenic than the average from the Atlantic (epsilon-Nd = -8). In contrast, the average147Sm/144Nd ratio for Pacific sediments (0.114) is identical to that of Atlantic sediments and to that of global average riverine suspended material. The values of epsilon-Nd and147Sm/144Nd are positively correlated for the Pacific samples but negatively correlated for Atlantic samples, reflecting a fundamental difference between the dominant components in the end members with radiogenic Nd (island-arc components in the Pacific and LREE-enriched intraplate ocean island components in the Atlantic). Samples from the north central Pacific have distinctive unradiogenic epsilon-Nd values of -10, 87Sr/86Sr > 0.715, high La/Yb (> 12), and low EuN/EuN* (0.6) and Sr/Nd (3-6). These data are virtually identical to the values for loess from Asia and endorse the use of these sediments as indicators of Asian paleoclimate and paleowind directions. Island-arc contributions appear to dominate in the northwest Pacific, resulting in higher epsilon Nd (-1 to +1) and lower 87Sr/86Sr (~ 0.705) and La/Yb (~ 5). Sediments from the eastern Pacific tend to have intermediate Sr and Nd isotopic compositions but regionally variable Sr/Nd and REE patterns; they appear to be derived from the west margin of the North and South American continents, rather than from Asia. Our results confirm that dust provenance can be constrained by isotopic and geochemical analyses, which will facilitate reconstructions of past atmospheric circulation and continental paleoclimate.

Element analyses and isotopic composition of basalts from the western Pacific

New Sr- Nd- and Pb-isotopic and trace element data are presented on basalts from the Sulu and Celebes Basins, and the submerged Cagayan Ridge Arc (Western Pacific), recently sampled during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 124. Drilling has shown that the Sulu Basin developed about 18 Ma ago as a backarc basin, associated with the now submerged Cagayan Ridge Arc, whereas the Celebes Basin was generated about 43 Ma ago, contemporaneous with a general plate reorganisation in the Western Pacifc, subsequently developing as an open ocean receiving pelagic sediments until the middle Miocene. In both basins, a late middle Miocene collision phase and the onset of volcanic activity on adjacent arcs in the late Miocene are recorded. Covariations between 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd show that the seafoor basalts from both the Sulu and Celebes Basins are isotopically similar to depleted Indian mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), and distinct from East Pacifc Rise MORB, defining a single negative correlation. The Cagayan Arc volcanics are different, in that they have distinctly lower epsilon-Ne(T) for a given epsilon-Sr(T), compared to Sulu and Celebes basalts. In the 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb versus 206Pb/204Pb diagrams, the Celebes, Sulu and Cagayan rocks all plot distinctly above the Northern Hemisphere Reference Line, with high Delta 7/4 Pb (5.3-9.3) and Delta 8/4 Pb (46.3-68.1) values. They define a single trend of radiogenic lead enrichment from Celebes through Sulu to Cagayan Ridge, within the Indian Ocean MORB data field. The data suggest that the overall chemical and isotopic features of the Sulu, Cagayan and Celebes rocks may be explained by partial melting of a depleted asthenospheric N-MORB-type ("normal") mantle source with isotopic characteristics similar to those of the Indian Ocean MORB source. This asthenospheric source was slightly heterogeneous, giving rise to the Sr-Nd isotopic differences between the Celebes and Sulu basalts, and the Cagayan Ridge volcanics. In addition, a probably slab-derived component enriched in LILE and LREE is required to generate the elemental characteristics and low Ne(T) of the Cagayan Ridge island arc tholeiitic and calcalkaline lavas, and to contribute to a small extent in the backarc basalts of the Sulu Sea. The results of this study confirm and extend the widespread Indian Ocean MORB signature in the Western Pacifc region. This signature could have been inherited by the Indian Ocean mantle itself during the rupture of Gondwanaland, when fragments of this mantle could have migrated towards the present position of the Celebes, Sulu and Cagayan sources.

Dissolved organic carbon concentrations, amino sugar concentrations and highly significantly correlating FT-ICR mass peak magnitudes obtained from solid phase extracted marine dissolved organic matter during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXV/1

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was extracted with solid phase extraction (SPE) from 137 water samples from different climate zones and different depths along an Eastern Atlantic Ocean transect. The extracts were analyzed with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). D14C analyses were performed on subsamples of the SPE-DOM. In addition, the amount of dissolved organic carbon was determined for all water and SPE-DOM samples as well as the yield of amino sugars for selected samples. Linear correlations were observed between the magnitudes of 43% of the FT-ICR mass peaks and the extract D14C values. Decreasing SPE-DOM D14C values went along with a shift in the molecular composition to higher average masses (m/z) and lower hydrogen/carbon (H/C) ratios. The correlation was used to model the SPE-DOM D14C distribution for all 137 samples. Based on single mass peaks a degradation index was developed to compare the degradation state of marine SPE-DOM samples analyzed with FT-ICR MS. A correlation between D14C, degradation index, DOC values and amino sugar yield supports that SPE-DOM analyzed with FT-ICR MS reflects trends of bulk DOM. A relative mass peak magnitude ratio was used to compare aged SPE-DOM and fresh SPE-DOM regarding single mass peaks. The magnitude ratios show a continuum of different reactivities for the single compounds. Only few of the compounds present in the FT-ICR mass spectra are expected to be highly degraded in the oldest water masses of the Pacific Ocean. All other compounds should persist partly thermohaline circulation. Prokaryotic (bacterial) production, transformation and accumulation of this very stable DOM occurs probably primarily in the upper ocean. This DOM is an important contribution to very old DOM, showing that production and degradation are dynamic processes.