Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from stations of R.R.S. "Discovery" Cruise 16

The cores and dredges described in this report were taken on Cruise 16 of the R.R.S. "Discovery" from January until May 1967 by the National Institute of Oceanography, Wormley, United Kingdom. A total of 73 cores and dredges were recovered and are available through the British Oceanographic Data Centre for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the H.M.S. Egeria, H.M.S. Penguin, H.M.S. Waterwitch, USS Enterprise and USS Tuscarora expeditions in the Southwest Pacific Ocean

The author is summarising the marine deposits of the south-west Pacific from a total of 773 samples taken during cruises of hms Challenger in 1874; USS Tuscarora and USS Enterprise in 1875 and 1876; HMS Egeria in 1888, 1889, and 1890; HMS Penguin in 1894, 1895, and 1896; and HMS Waterwitch in 1895.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from DEEPSONDE Expedition stations near the East Pacific Rise

Basalts from the base of a small seamount on ~1.5-m.y.-old crust west of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9°N are intermediate in chemical and isotopic composition between light-rare-earth-element-depleted tholeiite (normal midocean ridge basalt (MORB)) and alkali basalt. Like oceanic alkali basalt, these rocks contain significantly more Ba, K, P, Sr, Ti, U, and Zr than normal MORB. Since the absolute abundances of these elements are still well below alkali basalt levels, the label transitional is adopted for these basalts. A series of fractionated MORB also occurs in this area, northwest of the Siqueiros Fracture Zone - Transform Fault. The normal tholeiites are either olivine-plagioclase or plagioclase-clinopyroxene phyric, while the transitional basalts are spinel-olivine phyric. Fractional crystallization quantitatively accounts for the chemical variability of the tholeiitic series but not for the transitional basalts. The tholeiitic series probably evolved in a crustal magma chamber ~4 km below the crest of the East Pacific Rise. 143Nd/144Nd and other chemical data suggest that the large-ion-lithophile-enriched transitional basalts may represent a hybrid of normal MORB and Siqueiros area alkali basalt. Incompatible element plots of K, P, and U indicate possible derivation of the transitional basalts by magma mixing. Magma mixing of unfractionated normal MORB and Siqueiros alkali basalt has been quantified. Derivation of the transitional basalts from a 1:1 mixture is supported by all available chemical data, including Cr, Cu, Nd, Ni, Sm, Sr, U, and V. This magma mixing apparently occurred at ?<~30 km depth within a few tens of kilometers from the EPR axis. These Siqueiros area EPR transitional basalts are compared with Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) transitional basalts from the Iceland and Azores areas. The Siqueiros area basalts reflect a profound chemical and isotopic heterogeneity in the upper mantle, similar to that found along the MAR. Unlike the MAR, the EPR shows no evidence of plumelike bulges and associated large-scale outpourings of nonnormal MORB resulting from these mantle heterogeneities. Siqueiros alkali basalt and MORB, as well as transitional basalt and MORB, were recovered from single dredge hauls. Such close spatial and temporal proximity of the inferred mantle sources places severe constraints on geometric and physicochemical upper mantle models.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from R/V Atlantis - Cruise 151 (Dec. 1947) in the Atlantic Ocean

One of the objectives of WHOI Atlantis Cruise 151, covering the period from 7 December 1947 to 18 June 1948, was to obtain as complete a sampling of the sea bottom of the Meditterranean and Aegean Seas as was compatible with the remainder of the scientific program. It was furthermore planned to make concurrent bottom photographs as a means for studying the correlation between bottom sediments and the morphology of the sea floor. The photographs also held the possibility of determining the presence of bottom fauna. The underwater camera used for this work was loaned to us by Dr. Maurice Ewing of Columbia University. As it was fitted with a one foot long coring tube at the base of its pole a majority of the bottom samples were obtained by the camera itself. On the way to Gibraltar, several bottom photos were taken in the Atlantic ocean. One of them was the deepest underwater photograph ever taken at the tima (3026 fathoms) showing a cluster of objects, some as much as 5 inches across on a clay bottom. These appeared to be manganese nodules, judging from their rounded and bulbous shape, especially the potato-like form of some of them. A core sample obtained at the same spot with a corer attached to the camera stand contained abundant manganese grains.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from TETHYS Expedition stations

The cores and dredges described in this report were taken on the TETHYS Expedition from June 1960 until July 1960 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from the R/V Spencer F. Baird. A total of 124 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Scripps for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from R/V Ryofu Maru Cruise JEDS-4 stations

Manganese nodules and manganese-coated pumice fragments were recovered at Station E6 at the middle of the flat Northwest Pacific Basin, during the Japanese Deep Sea Expedition of 1961 undertaken aboard R/V Ryofu Maru.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from WAHINE Expedition stations

The cores described in this report were taken on the WAHINE Expedition in February to March 1965 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from the R/V Spencer F. Baird. A total of 54 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Scripps for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from R/V Pola during the first Austrian expedition to the Northern part of the Red Sea (1895-1896)

The paper presents an outline of the first Austrian expedition to the Northern part of the Red Sea with the R/V Pola.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from R/V Tokaidaigaku Maru II Cruise GDP-11 stations

The eleventh research cruise of Japanese Geodynamics Project in the West Pacific was carried out by the R/V Tokaidaigaku-maru II in August, 1974. During this cruise, in which the authors participated, many traverses of echo sounding and seismic reflection profiling and frequent sampling of bottom sediments were undertaken.

Annotated record and radium content of the detailed examination of manganese nodules from lakes in Karelia, Russia

The radioactivity of bottom sediments has been but little investigated. Data published by Joly, Pettersson, Piggot and Iimori refer to determinations of radium, contained mainly in oceanic deep-water sediments in red clays, radiolarian, globigerina oozes, blue muds and manganese concretions. The determinations have shown the manganese concretions to be richest as regards content of radium (up to 10-8 per cent); red clays and radiolarian ooze also possess a rather high content of radium. Other types of sediments are less rich in radium.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits in the submarine canyons off George Bank taken by the R/V ATlantis in 1939

New surveys were completed and data from the field sheets were kindly furnished by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for use in dredging and coring operations. This field work, first reported in 1936, was continued from time to time until 1941 as new soundings became available. Rock dredging and coring has been carried out in every major canyon on the slope from Corsair Canyon at the tip of Georges Bank to Norfolk Canyon off the entrance to the Chesapeake. Numerous cores have also been taken from the areas in between; and while the whole slope from Georges to the Chesapeake has not been covered, it is believed that no significant areas have been missed. In the following report the tows and cores will be described by areas from Georges Bank southwards, as the same region was revisited in successive years. The various samples, however, will be referred to by number followed by the year in which they were taken. The material is in storage in the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from ARA Islas Orcadas Cruise 11 core stations

The purpose of this volume, the eighth in a series of similar publications (Goodell, 1964, 1965, 1968; Frakes 1971, 1973 ; Cassidy et al., 1977a, 1977b), is to continue a presentation to the research community of sediment core descriptions and attendant data of cored and otherwise obtained sediments retrieved in waters of the Southern Ocean aboard the research vessel, ARA Islas Orcadas (formerly, USNS Eltanin), as a part of the circumpolar survey begun by Eltanin in 1962 (see issue of Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1973). The data presented herein are concerned with the results of coring activities aboard cruise 1176 of Islas Orcadas, the second marine geology coring cruise of this vessel under the terms of the present United States-Argentine agreement. The core descriptions are organised as follows: 1) a brief summary of the coring objectives of the cruise, together with a discussion of core recovery; 2) a table and map of station location data for materials retrieved; 3) a table of tentative age-dates for each piston core; 4) an explanation of the laboratory procedures and descriptive criteria used in the description of the sediments, and 5) lithologic descriptions of the piston and trigger cores, and the piston and trigger core bag samples.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from ARA Islas Orcadas Cruise 7 core stations

The purpose of this volume, the seventh in a series of similar publications (Goodell, 1964, 1965, 1968; Frakes 1971, 1973 ; Cassidy et al., 1977), is to continue a presentation to the research community of sediment core descriptions and attendant data of cored and otherwise obtained sediments retrieved in waters of the Southern Ocean aboard the research vessel, ARA Islas Orcadas (formerly, USNS Eltanin), as a part of the circumpolar survey begun by Eltanin in 1962 (see issue of Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1973). The data presented herein are concerned with the results of coring activities aboard cruise 0775 of Islas Orcadas, the second marine geology coring cruise of this vessel under the terms of the present United States-Argentine agreement. The core descriptions are organised as follows: 1) a brief summary of the coring objectives of the cruise, together with a discussion of core recovery; 2) a table and map of station location data for materials retrieved; 3) a table of tentative age-dates for each piston core; 4) an explanation of the laboratory procedures and descriptive criteria used in the description of the sediments, and 5) lithologic descriptions of the piston and trigger cores, and the piston and trigger core bag samples.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from R/V Robert Conrad Cruise 8 stations

The cores and dredges described in this report were taken during the Robert Conrad Cruise 8 from November 1963 until August 1964 by the Lamont Geological Observatory, Columbia University from the R/V Robert Conrad. A total of 140 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for sampling and study.