(Appendix B) Carbonate fraction geochemistry at DSDP Hole 72-516F

This paper presents data on trace elements (Sr, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr) and isotopes (13C, 18O) on the carbonate fraction of bulk sediments from the Coniacian to Paleocene samples of Hole 516F. Relationships of trace elements to mineralogy and stratigraphic position are discussed at length, with special emphasis on 1) the differences between Hole 516F and other oceanic sites, and 2) the transitions observed at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Isotope data are compared to those obtained in other localities of the same age. The sections show the same major 13C variations at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, indicating that this event is a planetary phenomenon.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope record of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from DSDP (Table 1)

The Cretaceous Heterohelix moremani (Cushman) was the only biserial planktonic foraminiferal species from its first appearance in the late Albian up to the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. Within that time, it increased gradually in abundance relative to other planktonic foraminifera in five Circum-North Atlantic sections. It is generally rare in upper Albian sediments, common in most of the Cenomanian and very abundant in sediments representing the latest Cenomanian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Short-term variations on the overall abundance trend correlate with positive excursions in the bulk carbonate delta13C record. Maximum rain rates of H. moremani during OAE2 show that this species was an opportunist that did well in extreme conditions, but its overall distribution indicates that it is not necessarily a marker for very high palaeoproductivity environments. Stable oxygen and carbon isotope measurements on foraminiferal species indicate that H. moremani was a surface water dweller at least in part of its geographic range, but incorporated 13C out of equilibrium with ambient seawater. It is depleted in delta13C relative to other planktonic foraminifera, which is attributed to vital effects related to its opportunistic character.

Stable Water Isotopologue data collected during HCCT-2010

Cloud samples for the isotopic analysis were collected in the framework of the Hill Cap Cloud Thuringia 2010 (HCCT-2010) campaign on Schmücke (50° 39'N/ 10° 46'E, 937 m a.s.l.; Germany) in September and October 2010 with a three-stage Caltech Active Strand Cloudwater Collector (CASCC) during 13 different cloud events with a temporal resolution of 1 to 3 hours. In a first step, we ensured that no additional fractionation occurred during sampling with the CASCC. The d values of the three sizes classes of the CASCC (4 µm to 16 µm, 16 µm to 22 µm and >22 µm) did not differ significantly, revealing that the cloud droplets of different sizes quickly equilibrate their delta value with the one of the surrounding vapor. delta values in the cloud droplets varied from -77 per mil to -15 per mil in d2H and from -12.1 per mil to -3.9 per mil in d18O and were fitted by d2H =7.8*d18O +13*10**-3. delta values decreased with temperature as well as towards the end of the campaign, representing a seasonal trend which is known from d values in precipitation. The deuterium excess of the cloud samples was generally higher than the Local Meteoric Water Line of the closest GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) station. Rain decreases its deuterium excess during falling through an unsaturated air column, while the cloud droplets conserve the deuterium excess of the initial evaporation and thus have been found to be a good indicator for the airmass source region: higher deuterium excess was measured for polar air masses and lower deuterium excess for Mediterranean air masses. Changes in d values during one cloud event were up to 3.6 per mil (d2H) and 0.23 per mil (d18O), except for frontal passages, which were associated with increases of ~6 per mil per hour (d2H) and ~0.6 per mil per hour (d18O). Using a box model, we showed that the influence of condensation only was able to explain the variation in the isotope signal of two cloud passages. Consequently, we deduced that the water vapor "feeding" the cloud advected the measured changes. A trajectory analysis and moisture source diagnostic revealed that it is very likely that the variations were either related to rain out along the trajectories or to meteorological changes in the moisture source region. This was the first study using stable water isotopologues in cloud water manifesting their potential in the context of atmospheric water vapor circulation.

Sable oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca ratios of planktonic foraminifera from DSDP Hole 31-292

This study presents new evidence of when and how the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) was established in its present form. We analyzed planktic foraminifera, oxygen isotopes, and Mg/Ca ratios in upper Miocene through Pleistocene sediments collected at Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) Site 292. These data were then compared with those reported from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 806. Both drilling sites are located in the western Pacific Ocean. DSDP Site 292 is located in the northern margin of the modern WPWP and ODP Site 806 near the center of the WPWP. Three stages of development in surface-water conditions are identified in the region using planktic foraminferal data. During the initial stage, from 8.5 to 4.4 Ma, Site 806 was overlain by warm surface water but Site 292 was not, as indicated by the differences in faunal compositions and sea-surface temperature (SST) between the two sites. In addition, the vertical thermal gradient at Site 292 was weak during this period, as indicated by the small differences in the delta18O values between Globigerinoides sacculifer and Pulleniatina spp. During stage two, from 4.4 to 3.6 Ma, the SST at Site 292 rapidly increased to 27 °C, but the vertical thermal gradient had not yet be strengthened, as shown by Mg/Ca ratios and the presence of both mixed-layer dwellers and thermocline dwellers. Finally, a warm mixed layer with a high SST ca. 28 °C and a strong vertical thermal gradient were established at Site 292 by 3.6 Ma. This event is marked by the dominance of mixed-layer dwellers, a high and stable SST, and a larger differences in the delta18O values between G. sacculifer and Pulleniatina spp. Thus, evidence of surface-water evolution in the western Pacific suggests that Site 292 came under the influence of the WPWP at 3.6 Ma. The northward expansion of the WPWP from 4.4 to 3.6 Ma and the establishment of the modern WPWP by 3.6 Ma appear to be closely related to the closure of the Indonesian and Central American seaways.

Chemical and isotope compositions of thermal and surficial waters from the Chukotka Peninsula

Twenty three groups of thermomineral springs in the eastern Chukotka with discharge temperature from 2 to 97°C and mineralization from 1.47 to 37.14 g/l are studied and compared with surface freshwater from their localities. dD and d18O values in surface waters vary from -121.4 to -89.5 per mil and from -16.4 to -11.1 per mil, respectively, while respective values in thermomineral waters range from -134.2 to -92.5 per mil and from -17.6 to -10.5 per mil. dD value in surface waters decreases from the east to the west, i.e. toward interior areas of the peninsula. Hydrothermal springs most depleted in deuterium (dD < -120 per mil) are localized in the geodynamically active Kolyuchinskaya-Mechigmen Depression. According to the proposed formation model of Chukotka thermomineral waters their observed chemical and isotopic characteristics could result from mixing (in different proportions) of surface waters with the deep-sourced isotopically light mineralized component (dD = ca. -138 per mil, d18O = ca. -19 per mil, ? = from 9.5 to 14.7 g/l). The latter originates most likely from subpermafrost waters subjected to slight cryogenic metamorphism.

Oxygen isotope values from biogenic apatie (conodont elements and fish teeth) from the Lower Triassic Mianwali Formation (Salt Range, Pakistan)

Recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction is frequently described as delayed, with complex ecological communities typically not found in the fossil record until the Middle Triassic epoch. However, the taxonomic diversity of a number of marine groups, ranging from ammonoids to benthic foraminifera, peaked rapidly in the Early Triassic. These variations in biodiversity occur amidst pronounced excursions in the carbon isotope record, which are compatible with episodes of massive CO2 outgassing from the Siberian Large Igneous Province. Here we present a high-resolution Early Triassic temperature record based on the oxygen isotope composition of pristine apatite from fossil conodonts. Our reconstruction shows that the beginning of the Smithian substage of the Early Triassic was marked by a cooler climate, followed by an interval of warmth lasting until the Spathian substage boundary. Cooler conditions resumed in the Spathian. We find the greatest increases in taxonomic diversity during the cooler phases of the early Smithian and early Spathian. In contrast, a period of extreme warmth in the middle and late Smithian was associated with floral ecological change and high faunal taxonomic turnover in the ocean. We suggest that climate upheaval and carbon-cycle perturbations due to volcanic outgassing were important drivers of Early Triassic biotic recovery.