(Table 1) 10 Beryllium and CaCO3 at DSDP Holes 86-576B, 86-576, and 86-578

Extension of the 10Be geochronology for deep-sea sediments beyond the limit of late Pliocene age found in published works has been attempted. The results obtained on sediments from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Sites 576 and 578 of Leg 86 suggest the feasibility of dating sediments as old as 12 to 15 m.y. At both sites, there have been large changes in sedimentation rate, with the Pleistocene sediments accumulating several times faster than those of the Pliocene, which in turn were deposited several times more rapidly than the late Miocene sediments. The Pleistocene-Pliocene section is considerably thicker in Hole 578 than in Hole 576B: the respective depths for the 7 m.y. time boundary in the two holes are about 125 and about 25 m. These 10Be-based age estimates are in agreement with the paleomagnetic stratigraphies established for the two sites. The suggested enhancement in the oceanic deposition of 10Be before 7 to 9 m.y. ago, as noticed in manganese crusts, has found tentative support from the present sedimentary records. A preliminary search for 10Be production variation during a geomagnetic field reversal has been conducted. In Hole 578, an enhanced 10Be concentration is found in a sample close to the Brunhes/Matuyama reversal boundary. More detailed and systematic measurements are required to confirm this observation, which bears on the detailed behavior of the geomagnetic field during the reversal.

Gletscherstände des Vernagtferner 1889-1969

The Vernagtferner in the Ötztaler Alps (Tirol) has been mapped after terrestrial-photogrammetric surveying by Sebastian Finsterwalder in 1889, Otto von Gruber in 1912, and Heinrich Schatz in 1938. The new, four-colored map in the scale 1: 10.000 enclosed in this issue was composed from aerial photographs of 1969. It was conceived as topographicaI map with additional geodetic and glaciological content. The methods of survey are explained and the means of cartographic representation are discussed.

Der Vernagt-Ferner im Jahre 1889 (facsimile)

Problems resulting from mapping of glaciers with traditional techniques motivated Sebastian Finsterwalder to apply the planetable-photogrammetry to a survey of Vernagt- and Guslarferner (Ötztal Alps, Austria) in 1888/ 1889. The result of this photogrammetric survey was the map "Der Vernagt-Ferner im Jahre 1889", which had been published in four colours. This is the first map of an entire glacier in the large scale 1: 10.000 with a high accuracy. Since this remarkable map of Vernagt- and Guslarferner is almost not available a facsimile-reprint had been produced.

Record of elevation changes of glaciers in the eastern Alps between 1950-1959-1969

In a continuation of Richard Finsterwalder's work of 1950 eight selected glaciers in the Eastern Alps haye been photogrammetrically surveyed and mapped on a scale of 1: 10,000 in the years 1959 and 1969 in order to establish arecord of glacier variation. From a comparison of isohypses of the 1950, 1959 and 1969 surveys the height changes of the glacier surfaces have been determined for approximately two decades. This yielded an average raise of 0,1 m per year, while an average sinking of glacier surfaces of 0.6 m per year had been found for the period 1920-1950.

Map of Gurgler Ferner 1981

The map of Gurgler Ferner (1 : 10.000) was used for determining changes of volume and mass compared to earlier surveys, as a basis for a geophysical determination of ice thickness, and as a glaciological document. The cartographic evaluation emphasized the terrain surrounding the snow and ice covered areas. Gurgler Ferner covers an area of 10.7 km**2 , 60 % of which are situated between 2800 and 3100 m, the altitude range of the equilibrium line. From 1969 to 1981 the glacier and its tributaries lost 25 *10**6 m**3 of water, equivalent to a mean lowering of the surface by 17 cm per year in good agreement with the value of Hintereisferner.

Magnetic anomaly map of the Weddell Sea Region, Antarctic (Scale 1:2 500 000)

This paper describes a 1 : 2 500 000 scale aeromagnetic anomaly map produced by the joint efforts of VNIIOkeangeologia, Polar Marine Geological Research Expedition (PMGRE) and the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWl) for the Weddell Sea region covering 1 850 000 km' of West Antarctica. Extensive regional magnetic survey flights with line-spacing of about 20 km and 5 km were carried out by the PMGRE between 1977 and 1989. In course of these investigations the PMGRE flew 9 surveys with flight-line spacing of 20 km and 6 surveys with flight-line spacing of 5 km mainly over the mountain areas of southern Palmer Land, western Dronning Maud Land, Coats Land and Pensacola Mountains, over the Ronne lee Shelf and the Filchner Ice Shelf and the central part of the Weddell Sea. More than 215 000 line-kilometers of total field aeromagnetic data have been acquired by using an Ilyushin Il-14 ski-equipped aircraft. Survey operations were centered on the field base stations Druzhnaya-1, -2, and -3, from which the majority of the Weddell Sea region network was completed. The composite map of the Weddell Sea region is prepared in colour, showing magnetic anomaly contours at intervals of 50-100 nT with supplemental contours at an interval of 25 nT in low gradient areas, on a polar stereographic projection. The compiled colour magnetic anomaly map of the Weddell Sea region demonstrates that features of large areal extent, such as geologic provinces, fold-belts, ancient eratonic fragments and other regional structural features can be readily delineated. The map allows a comparison of regional magnetic features with similar-scale geological structures on geological and geophysical maps. It also provides a database for the future production of the ''Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map of Antarctica'' in the framework of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research/International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (SCAR/IAGA) compilation.

Age determination and grain size distribution of sediment core GeoB3375-1

The palaeoclimatic conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) of southern South America and especially latitudinal shifts of the southern westerly wind belt are still discussed controversially. Longer palaeoclimatic records covering the Late Quaternary are rare. A particularly sensitive area to Late Quaternary climatic changes is the Norte Chico, northern Chile, because of its extreme climatic gradients. Small shifts of the present climatic zonation could cause significant variations of the terrestrial sedimentary environment which would be recorded in marine terrigenous sediments. To unveil the history of shifting climatic zones in northern Chile, we present a sedimentological study of a marine sediment core (GeoB 3375-1) from the continental slope off the Norte Chico (27.5°S). Sedimentological investigations include bulk- and silt grain-size determinations by sieving, Atterberg separation, and detailed SediGraph analyses. Additionally, clay mineralogical parameters were obtained by X-ray diffraction methods. The 14C-dated core, covering the time span from approximately 10,000 to 120,000 cal. yr B.P., consists of hemipelagic sediments. Terrigenous sedimentological parameters reveal a strong cyclicity, which is interpreted in terms of variations of sediment provenance, modifications of the terrestrial weathering regimes, and modes of sediment input to the ocean. These interpretations imply cyclic variations between comparatively arid climates and more humid conditions with seasonal precipitation for northern Chile (27.5°S) through the Late Quaternary. The cyclicity of the terrigenous sediment parameters is strongly dominated by precessional cycles. For the palaeoclimatic signal, this means that more humid conditions coincide with maxima of the precession index, as e.g. during the LGM. Higher seasonal precipitation for this part of Chile is most likely derived from frontal winter rain of the Southern Westerlies. Thus, the data presented here favour not only an equatorward shift of this atmospheric circulation system during the LGM, but also precession-controlled latitudinal movements throughout the Late Quaternary. Precessional forcing of latitudinal movements of the westerly atmospheric circulation system may be conceivable through teleconnections to the Northern Hemisphere monsoonal system in the Atlantic Ocean region.

Table 1: Glacier measurements from air photos 1969 and landsat images 1972 and 1973

The extent of snow cover at the end of the ablation season on glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps in 1972 and 1973 was determined from Landsat-1 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) images. For snovv mapping the MSS-images with a ground resolution of 80 meters were enlarged to a scale of 1: 100.000 by photographic methods. Different appearance of snow cover in the 4 MSS-channels is discussed in connection with ground truth control. The accuracy of snow and ice mapping from Landsat images was checked on 15 glaciers with an area from 1 to 10 km2 by aerial photography and/or ground truth control. These comparisons imply the usefulness of Landsat images for snow mapping on glaciers of a few square kilometers. The altitude of the equilibrium line was determined from Landsat images for 53 glaciers in the Tyrolean Alps. The regional differences in the equilibrium line altitude correspond to the regional precipitation patterns. The equilibrium line was identical with the snow line at the end of the budget year 1971/1972; therefore it was possible to determine the equilibrium line from satellite images. For 1968/69 the equilibrium line was mapped from aerial photographs for several glaciers. In 1972/73 mass balance was strongly negative and the equilibrimn line was within the firn area of the glaciers. Therefore it was not possible to distinguish between accumulation and ablation areas from the Landsat images of September 1973; however, snow and ice areas could be olearly differentiated. The ratios of accumulation area 01' snow area to the total area of the glaciers were determineel from satellite images and aerial photography separately for aelvancing anel for retreating glaciers and were relateel to the mass balance. In the budget years 1968/69 and 1972/73 with negative mass balance the accumulation area ratios of the advancing glacien; were olearly different from the ratios of the retreating glaciers, in 1971/72 with positive 01' balanced mass budget the differences between advancing and retreating glaciers were not significant.

Physical properties and geochemical pore-water analysis of sediment core GeoB16423-1

Several studies indicate that the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake (Mw 9.0) off the Pacific coast of Japan has induced slip to the trench and triggered landslides in the Japan Trench. In order to better understand these processes, detailed mapping and shallow-coring landslides at the trench as well as Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) deep drilling to recover the plate boundary décollement (Japan Trench Fast Earthquake Drilling Project, JFAST) have been conducted. In this study we report sediment core data from the rapid response R/V SONNE cruise (SO219A) to the Japan Trench, evidencing a Mass Transport Deposit (MTD) in the uppermost section later drilled at this JFAST-site during IODP Expedition 343. A 8.7 m long gravity core (GeoB16423-1) recovered from ~7,000 m water depth reveals a 8 m sequence of semi-consolidated mud clast breccias embedded in a distorted chaotic sediment matrix. The MTD is covered by a thin veneer of 50 cm hemipelagic, bioturbated diatomaceous mud. This stratigraphic boundary can be clearly distinguished by using physical properties data from Multi Sensor Core Logging and from fall-cone penetrometer shear strength measurements. The geochemical analysis of the pore-water shows undisturbed linear profiles measured from the seafloor downcore across the stratigraphic contact between overlying younger background-sediment and MTD below. This indicates that the investigated section has not been affected by a recent sediment destabilization in the course of the giant Tohoku-Oki earthquake event. Instead, we report an older landslide which occurred between 700 and 10,000 years ago, implying that submarine mass movements are dominant processes along the Japan Trench. However, they occur on local sites and not during each megathrust earthquake.

(Table 1) Sapropel analysis from ODP Sites 160-964, 160-966, 160-967 and 160-969

Seventeen eastern Mediterranean Pliocene sapropels from ODP Sites 964, 966, 967 and 969, some of which are coeval, have been analysed for their geochemistry. The sapropels are characterized by very high organic carbon contents (up to 30%) which are reported to be the result of both increased productivity and improved preservation. Although the organic matter in the sapropels is mainly of marine origin, the d13Corg values and C/N ratios appear "terrestrial". This is the result of anaerobic organic matter degradation which preferentially removed nitrogen- and 13C-rich organic components. A comparison with Ti/Al profiles, which mimic the precession index, and a calculation of organic carbon accumulation rates indicate that sedimentation rates were at most 30% lower or at most 50% higher during sapropel formation. Thus, sapropel formation lasted from between 2000 and 10,000 years at Site 964 to between 4500 and 12,000 years at Site 967. A synthesis of new data and a comparison with existing models indicates that productivity, which increased due to extra nutrients supplied as a result of winter mixing and as a result of enhanced input by the Nile, was the driving mechanism behind sapropel formation. The resulting sapropel formation was simultaneous at different depths, but lasted longer in the part of the basin closest to the Nile.