Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the Albatross 1884 stations

he exploration of the Gulf Stream region was continued in 1884, under nearly the same conditions as in 1883, by the steamer Albatross, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commander. During the four trips, between July 20 and Sept. 13, sixty nine dredgings (at stations 2170 to 2238) were made. The results were highly satisfactory, both in the way of physical observatidns and zoological discoveries. In some localities, in 1000 to 1600 fathoms, the bottom was found covered with 0or largely composed of hard, very irregular, flattened, crust-like concretions of clay and iron-oxide, with more or less manganese?oxide in the crevices and worm-burrows with which they are filled. Sometimes a barrel-full, or more, of such masses were brought up, varying in size from a few ounces up to 20 pounds or more in weight alld from one inch to six inches in thickness.

Miocene palaeoclimate reconstructions from the North Alpine Foreland Basin in Germany

Early- and Middle-Miocene sediments of the North Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB) in Southern Germany contain one of the world richest regional records of silicified wood. Here we analyze over 1,000 identifiable samples, belonging to 80 wood anatomical taxa from 61 stratigraphically well-dated localities using principally the Coexistence Approach. The samples investigated originate from fluvial sediments representing periods of intensified surface runoff in the NAFB and therefore represent and provide information pertaining to the wet end-member of the fluctuating climate system. The dry end of the climate system is represented in the profiles either by hiatuses or palaeosoils. The dataset is split into four xylofloras: (I) the Ortenburg xyloflora (Late Ottnangian; ~17.5 to 17.3 Ma) originating from a paratropical evergreen Carapoxylon (Xylocarpus) forest; (II) the Southern Franconian Alb xyloflora (Late Karpatian; 17.0 to ~16.3 Ma) originating from a subtropical semideciduous limestone forest; (III) the upper Older Series xyloflora (Early Badenian; ~16.3 to ~15.3 Ma) originating from a subtropical oak-laurel forest; and (IV) the upper Middle Series xyloflora (Middle Badenian; 14.3 to ~13.8 Ma) originating from a subtropical dry deciduous forest.