Potential temperature in Espartel Sill (Strait of Gibraltar), from 2004-09-30 to 2016-03-02 at 344 meters depth, link to raw data in MATLAB format

Potential temperature measured with a SBE37 at 35.862ºN, 5.97ºW at 344 meters Depth. Data expand from September the 30th, 2004 to March the 2nd, 2016. Original measurement frequency was 30 minutes, the data presented here is a subsampling that extract the coldest temperature found each 12 hours. The time vector corresponds with the moment in which this minimun temperature is observed.

Reconstructed pCO2 data from tree ring cellulose d13C during 1902-2005 at 10 sites in the Tropics and Northern Subtropics

This is the reconstructed pCO2 data from Tree ring cellulose d13C data with estimation errors for 10 sites (location given below) by a geochemical model as given in the publication by Trina Bose, Supriyo Chakraborty, Hemant Borgaonkar, Saikat Sengupta. This data was generated in Stable Isotope Laboratory, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune - 411008, India

Global distributions of pteropods (Gymnosomata, Thecosomata, Pseudothecosomata) abundance and biomass - Gridded data product (NetCDF) - Contribution to the MAREDAT World Ocean Atlas of Plankton Functional Types

Pteropods are a group of holoplanktonic gastropods for which global biomass distribution patterns remain poorly resolved. The aim of this study was to collect and synthesize existing pteropod (Gymnosomata, Thecosomata and Pseudothecosomata) abundance and biomass data, in order to evaluate the global distribution of pteropod carbon biomass, with a particular emphasis on its seasonal, temporal and vertical patterns. We collected 25 902 data points from several online databases and a number of scientific articles. The biomass data has been gridded onto a 360 x 180° grid, with a vertical resolution of 33 WOA depth levels. Data has been converted to NetCDF format. Data were collected between 1951-2010, with sampling depths ranging from 0-1000 m. Pteropod biomass data was either extracted directly or derived through converting abundance to biomass with pteropod specific length to weight conversions. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH) the data were distributed evenly throughout the year, whereas sampling in the Southern Hemisphere was biased towards the austral summer months. 86% of all biomass values were located in the NH, most (42%) within the latitudinal band of 30-50° N. The range of global biomass values spanned over three orders of magnitude, with a mean and median biomass concentration of 8.2 mg C l-1 (SD = 61.4) and 0.25 mg C l-1, respectively for all data points, and with a mean of 9.1 mg C l-1 (SD = 64.8) and a median of 0.25 mg C l-1 for non-zero biomass values. The highest mean and median biomass concentrations were located in the NH between 40-50° S (mean biomass: 68.8 mg C l-1 (SD = 213.4) median biomass: 2.5 mg C l-1) while, in the SH, they were within the 70-80° S latitudinal band (mean: 10.5 mg C l-1 (SD = 38.8) and median: 0.2 mg C l-1). Biomass values were lowest in the equatorial regions. A broad range of biomass concentrations was observed at all depths, with the biomass peak located in the surface layer (0-25 m) and values generally decreasing with depth. However, biomass peaks were located at different depths in different ocean basins: 0-25 m depth in the N Atlantic, 50-100 m in the Pacific, 100-200 m in the Arctic, 200-500 m in the Brazilian region and >500 m in the Indo-Pacific region. Biomass in the NH was relatively invariant over the seasonal cycle, but more seasonally variable in the SH. The collected database provides a valuable tool for modellers for the study of ecosystem processes and global biogeochemical cycles.

The SPARC Data Initiative CFC-11, CFC-12, HF and SF6 climatologies from international satellite limb sounders

CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HF, and SF6 products from limb-viewing satellite instruments are provided in the form of monthly zonal mean time series obtained from HALOE, MIPAS, ACE-FTS, and HIRDLS within the time period 1991-2010. The data products are made available as part of the Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate (SPARC) Data Initiative. The trace gas time series extend from the mid-troposphere to as high as the mesosphere. The zonal monthly mean time series are calculated on the SPARC Data Initiative climatology grid using 5° latitude bins and 28 pressure levels. The zonal monthly mean volume mixing ratio (VMR) and the standard deviation along with the number of averaged data values are given for each month, latitude bin, and pressure level. Furthermore, the mean, minimum, and maximum local solar time, the average latitude, and the average day of the month within each bin for one selected pressure level are provided. The time series of all variables are saved in a consistent netcdf format.

Model results of ocean physical field of the reference state and the targets in NetCDF format

In a feasibility study, the potential of proxy data for the temperature and salinity during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, about 19 000 to 23 000 years before present) in constraining the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) with a general ocean circulation model was explored. The proxy data were simulated by drawing data from four different model simulations at the ocean sediment core locations of the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean surface (MARGO) project, and perturbing these data with realistic noise estimates. The results suggest that our method has the potential to provide estimates of the past strength of the AMOC even from sparse data, but in general, paleo-sea-surface temperature data without additional prior knowledge about the ocean state during the LGM is not adequate to constrain the model. On the one hand, additional data in the deep-ocean and salinity data are shown to be highly important in estimating the LGM circulation. On the other hand, increasing the amount of surface data alone does not appear to be enough for better estimates. Finally, better initial guesses to start the state estimation procedure would greatly improve the performance of the method. Indeed, with a sufficiently good first guess, just the sea-surface temperature data from the MARGO project promise to be sufficient for reliable estimates of the strength of the AMOC.