(Table 2) Abundance of the main groups of planktonic animals in the 250-900 m water layer at the Broken Spur and Lost City sites according to visual counts from the Mir manned submersibles in 2002 and 2005

Three dives of the Mir manned submersibles with plankton counts and two vertical plankton hauls with a BR net were carried out above the Lost City (Atlantis underwater massif) and the Broken Spur hydrothermal fields during cruise 50 of R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh. Above the Atlantis seamount no significant increase in plankton concentration was found. Above the Lost City field horizontal heterogeneity of plankton distribution in the near-bottom layer and in overlying water layers was shown. Near-bottom aggregations of euphausiids and amphipods previously reported by other scientists seem to be related to attraction of these animals by the submersible's headlights rather than represent a natural phenomenon.

Natural remanent magnetization of IODP Expedition 308, Holes U1319A, U1320A, U1322B, and U1324B from the northern Gulf of Mexico

Paleomagnetic analyses of the natural remanent magnetization of >1700 vertically oriented sediment samples from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Holes U1319A, U1320A, U1322B, and U1324B in the northern Gulf of Mexico reveal complex magnetostratographic signals for the Brazos-Trinity and Ursa region carried by detrital iron oxide minerals. Additionally, gyroremanent magnetization was observed to form during alternating-field demagnetization of samples containing an enhanced amount of magnetic iron sulfide minerals. Most characteristic remanent magnetization inclinations are reasonable for the site latitudes. Stable declinations allow for azimuth correction of the formerly unoriented drill cores.

(Table 1) Sr-isotope values of representative sediment samples from ODP sites at the Costa Rica margin

Two sealed borehole hydrologic observatories (CORKs) were installed in two active hydrogeochemical systems at the Costa Rica subduction zone to investigate the relationship between tectonics, fluid flow, and fluid composition. The observatories were deployed during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 205 at Site 1253, ~ 0.2 km seaward of the trench, in the upper igneous basement, and at Site 1255, ~ 0.5 km landward of the trench, in the décollement. Downhole instrumentation was designed to monitor formation fluid flow rates, composition, pressure, and temperature. The two-year records collected by this interdisciplinary effort constitute the first co-registered hydrological, chemical, and physical dataset from a subduction zone, providing critical information on the average and transient state of the subduction thrust and upper igneous basement. The continuous records at ODP Site 1253 show that the uppermost igneous basement is highly permeable hosting an average fluid flow rate of 0.3 m/yr, and indicate that the fluid sampled in the basement is a mixture between seawater (~ 50%) and a subduction zone fluid originating within the forearc (~ 50%). These results suggest that the uppermost basement serves as an efficient pathway for fluid expelled from the forearc that should be considered in models of subduction zone hydrogeology and deformation. Three transients in fluid flow rates were observed along the décollement at ODP Site 1255, two of which coincided with stepwise increases in formation pressure. These two transients are the result of aseismic slip dislocations that propagated up-dip from the seismogenic zone over the course of ~ 2 weeks terminating before reaching ODP Site 1255 and the trench. The nature and temporal behavior of strain and the associated hydrological response during these slow slip events may be an analog for the response of the seaward part of the subduction prism during or soon after large subduction zone earthquakes.

(Table A1) Calcium carbonate content of boreholes Kirchrode I and II

The technical details of drilling and coring at the Kirchrode I and II sites are presented. At these sites, a sequence of claystones and marlstones from an Albian shelf basin was recovered. Constraints on the ages of the sediments in the two boreholes are provided by the occurrence of the inoceramid bivalve Actinoceramus sulcatus, the first appearance of which is used to define the Middle/Upper Albian boundary and by observed facies changes that can be correlated to the established lithostratigraphy. The cores from the two boreholes provide a rather complete, 285-m-long sequence of the Upper Albian, with a 155.5-m-long overlap. Analysis of the tectonic structures showed considerable shortening in the Middle and Lower Albian part of the sequence due to normal faulting. Of the Upper Albian, only the lowermost part is affected by faults. The increase in sedimentation rates of terrigenous detritus and of marine biogenic carbonate, which occurs in the basal part of the C. auritus Subzone, is interpreted to reflect a regional change to a more humid climate and regional tectonic movements (uplift of the Rhenish Bohemian massif, subsidence of the Lower Saxony basin intensified locally by halokinetic movements). The further increase in marine productivity in the latest Albian may be related to upwelling of more nutrient-rich deep water along submarine relief in this shelf sea. Identification of Milankovitch cyclicity documented by the fluctuating CaCO3 contents of the sediments is used (i) to constrain the minimum time represented by the Upper Albian deposits, and (ii) to determine the duration of the sea level cycles (Cycle V: >=1.6 Ma, Cycle VI: >=2 Ma), and (iii) to establish the duration of the Late Albian ammonite subzones (e.g. Callihoplites auritus Subzone: 2.1 Ma). Average sedimentation rates determined from the identified 100-ka eccentricity cycles show a stepwise increase in sedimentation rates from 1-2 cm/1000 a in the Lower Albian dark claystones to 7-13 cm/1000 a in the late Late Albian. In addition to the general deepening trend through the Late Albian, two, nearly completely documented 3rd-order sea-level cycles in the Upper Albian of Kirchrode I were recognised, plus another one, cut short by faulting, at the base of the Upper Albian (documented in Kirchrode II). These global sea-level cycles were identified on the basis (a) of the sequence of the abundance maxima of selected benthos and plankton groups, (b) of trends in the fluctuations of the CaCO3 content, and (c) of the abundance of glauconite. The transgression periods in this Upper Albian deep shelf-basin are characterised by intensified circulation. This intensified circulation is found to have affected first the surface-near waters, resulting e.g. in an increase in the abundance of immigrant plankton and nekton species from the Tethys. At a later stage the deep water was affected, supporting then an increased population of suspension-feeding benthos, and causing condensation and erosion in the sediment at the sea floor.

(Table 1) Age determination of sediment core AAS-62/2

Variations in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) intensity during the last 16.7?ka have been studied using organic carbon (Corg), d15N of sedimentary organic matter, CaCO3, sediment texture, d18OC, and Mg/Ca-derived sea surface temperature, d18O of sea water and sea surface salinity, in a 14C-dated sediment core from the eastern Arabian Sea. The d18O in water and planktonic foraminifera shells off the central west coast of India may be controlled by the ISM intensity as this area receives high precipitation and land runoff. Also, the Corg and CaCO3 contents of sediments and d15N of sedimentary organic matter may be linked to ISM-induced productivity and denitrification. The results of the present study reveal that between 16 and 15.2 ka BP, the ISM was weak with minor fluctuations and started intensifying around 15.2 ka BP, at the onset of the Bølling-Ållerød (B-A) event. The B-A event is characterized by higher water column denitrification rates comparable to the present day. The ISM signatures observed in the d18OC record of B-A event compare well with those from Timta cave of the western Himalayas and also the Asian summer monsoon signatures from the Hulu caves in China and warming signatures in Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) suggesting atmospheric teleconnections through Intertropical Convergence Zone. The boundary between the Younger Dryas and the Holocene is discernible with small episodes of abrupt events of increased ISM intensity. This decrease in d18OC values at ~11.8 ka BP is contemporary with June solar insolation maximum at 30° north and the increase in methane in the GISP2 ice core supporting episodes of warmer climate and increase in ISM intensity. The ISM seems to have been most stable between 7 and 5.6 ka BP. The core exhibits periodicity of 500 years that is comparable to the Atlantic water formation and the Chinese monsoon.

(Table S1) Opal content of sediment core OXMZ01MV-GC31

The North American monsoon (NAM), an onshore wind shift occurring between July and September, has evolved in character during the Holocene largely due to changes in Northern Hemisphere insolation. Published paleoproxy and modeling studies suggest that prior to ~8000 cal years BP, the NAM affected a broader region than today, extending westward into the Mojave Desert of California. Holocene proxy SST records from the Gulf of California (GoC) and the adjacent Pacific provide constraints for this changing NAM climatology. Prior to ~8000 cal years BP, lower GoC SSTs would not have fueled northward surges of tropical moisture up the GoC, which presently contribute most of the monsoon precipitation to the western NAM region. During the early Holocene, the North Pacific High was further north and SSTs in the California Current off Baja California were warmer, allowing monsoonal moisture flow from the subtropical Pacific to take a more direct, northwesterly trajectory into an expanded area of the southwestern U.S. west of 114°W. A new upwelling record off southwest Baja California reveals that enhanced upwelling in the California Current beginning at ~7500 cal year BP may have triggered a change in NAM climatology, focusing the geographic expression of NAM in the southwest USA into its modern core region east of ~114°W, in Arizona and New Mexico. Holocene proxy precipitation records from the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico, including lakes, vegetation/pollen, and caves are reviewed and found to be largely supportive of this hypothesis of changing Holocene NAM climatology.

(Table 1) Boron concentration and d11B values of interstitial water from IODP Holes 308-U1319A, U1320A, U1322B and U1324B

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 308 (IODP308) drilled normal-pressured sediments from the Brazos-Trinity Basin IV and over-pressured sediments from the Ursa Basin on the northern slope of the Gulf of Mexico. The interstitial water samples from the normal-pressured basin show B concentrations and B isotopic compositions ranging from 255 to 631 µM (0.6 to 1.5 times of seawater value) and from +29.1 to +42.7 per mil (relative to NIST SRM 951), respectively. A wider range is observed both for B concentrations (292 to 865 µM, 0.7 to 2.1 times of seawater value) and d11B values (+25.5 to +43.2 per mil) of the interstitial water in the over-pressured basin. The down-core distribution of B concentrations and d11B values in the interstitial waters are sensitive tracers for assessing various processes occurring in the sediment column, including boron adsorption/desorption reactions involving clay minerals and organic matter in sediments as well as fluid migration and mixing in certain horizons and in the sediment column. In the normal-pressured basin adsorption/desorption reactions in shallow sediments play the major role in controlling the B content and B isotopic composition of the interstitial water. In contrast, multiple processes affect the B content and d11B of the interstitial water in the over-pressured Ursa Basin. There, the stratigraphic level of the maxima of B and d11B correspond to seismic reflectors. The intruded fluids along the seismic reflector boundary from high to low-topography mix with local interstitial water. Fluid flow is inferred in the Blue Unit (a coarse sandstone layer, connecting the high- to low-pressured region) from the freshening of interstitial water in Ursa Basin Site U1322, and upward flow by the overpressure expels fluid from the overburden above the Blue Unit.

Geochemistry of lower and middle Keuper sediments in the Central Thuringian Syncline

Cuttings of Lower and Middle Keuper sediments of the INFLUINS-drilling in the central Thuringian Syncline were geochemically analysed. Indications about shifting depositional environments are interpreted from ratios of whole-rock element contents. For the middle part of sandstone cycle S 2 high heavy metal contents imply precipitation of sufidic ores during a short marine interval. Element contents are compared with potential source rocks in the southern part of the Baltic Shield, in the Lausitz Anticline Zone, in the Erzgebirge, in the moldanubian part, in the broad sense, of the Bohemian Massif, in the Münchberg Gneiss Massif and the Fichtelgebirge. The geochemical coincidence of investigated Keuper sediments is highest with grantioid and gabbroic rocks of southern Scandinavia. Granodiorite rocks of the Lausitz are also possible sources, whereas granites of the Fichtelgebirge and the Bohemian Massif are less probable.

Palynology of sediment profiles from 30 lakes in Germany

Dieser Datensatz beinhaltet 70 Pollenprofile und begleitende sedimentologische Daten aus 30 Seen in Deutschland, die im Verlauf der 70er und 80er Jahre vom NlfB gekernt und analysiert wurden. Der Datenatz wurde im Rahmen des im folgenden beschriebenen Teilprojektes des DFG-Schwerpunktprogrammes "Wandel der Geo-Biosphäre" von Prof. Dr. Josef Merkt der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft zur Verfügung gestellt. Im Projekt "Laminierte Seesedimente als Archive für Untersuchungen der Änderungen von Umweltbedingungen während Spätglazial und Holozän" wurden die laminierten Abschnitte von Sedimentprofilen aus oberschwäbischen, nordschweizerischen und norddeutschen Seen, die die letzten 15 000 Jahre umfassten, mikroskopisch ausgewertet. Ziel war es für Deutschland eine jahrgenaue Chronologie nach Kalenderjahren aufzustellen. Poster: Kleinmann, A, Merkt, J, Müller, H, Küster, H (1998) Holocene lake-level changes in Germany. Institute of Geobotany, University Hannover & Geological Survey of Lower Saxony, Hannover. (pdf hdl:10013/epic.31687.d001 280kB) Einführung: Die meisten Seen in Deutschland bestehen seit mehr als 15 000 Jahren und sind seit Jahrtausenden attraktiv für menschliche Besiedlung. In den Seeablagerungen ist die Geschichte der Umwelt nahezu ungestört und hoch aufgelöst konserviert. Pflanzliche und tierische Reste, wie z. B. Blütenstaub, Birkenfrüchte, Bucheckern, Algen, Wasserflöhe, Käfer, Muschelkrebse und Rädertierchen können Auskunft über die Entwicklung der Flora und Fauna, über Wärme- und Kälteperioden seit der letzten Eiszeit bis heute geben. Weitere Zeugen sind z.B. klastischer Eintrag (wie Sand), vulkanische Aschen, chemische Ausfällungen und eine jahreszeitliche Schichtung, die nur unter Sauerstoffausschluß entsteht. Ist der Seegrund belüftet, leben dort Tiere, die die oberen Zentimeter des Seebodens zur Nahrungssuche durchwühlen und dabei diese Schichtung zerstören. Ist der Seegrund ganzjährig unbelüftet, bleiben die klastischen Partikel, die organischen Reste, die chemischen Fällungen wie Siderit und Kalzit in der Reihenfolge liegen wie sie abgesunken sind. Die Reihenfolge spiegelt den Ablauf der Jahreszeiten wider: Goldalgen fallen im Frühjahr und die Mehrheit der Kieselalgen im Frühsommer und Sommer auf den Seeboden. Eisenkarbonat und Kalk werden im Sommer ausgeschieden, die klastischen und organischen Partikel sedimentieren im Winter. Die Jahresschichten liefern das zeitliche Gerüst in dem sich Klimaumschwünge, Seespiegeltiefstände und andere Ereignisse der Paläoumwelt jahrgenau fassen lassen. Auch die Landnutzung durch den Menschen ist aus Seeablagerungen abzulesen, wie z. B. erster Ackerbau, Rodungshochphasen in der Römerzeit und im Mittelalter, Aufforstung Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts, bronzezeitliche und jüngere Erzverhüttungen, Industrialisierung, sogar Atombombentests und das Reaktorunglück von Tschernobyl 1986. Diese deuten das umwelt-wissenschaftliche Potential der Seesedimente an. Wesentliche Antworten, die in Seesedimenten stecken und entschlüsselt werden, sind die auf Fragen nach Klimaänderungen und ihren Folgen. Neben den bekannten vulkanischen Aschenlagen Laacher Tuff aus der Eifel, Saksunarvatn Tuff aus Island und Kilian/Vasset Tuff aus dem Massif Central werden weitere gesucht, da sie trennscharfe Leithorizonte sind und zur absoluten zeitlichen Korrelation von See zu See dienen. Daneben können regional unterschiedliche Vegetationsentwicklungen über isochrone Tephralagen einander zugeordnet werden. Mit der Erfassung möglichst vieler Sedimentparameter können Kriterien gefunden werden, mit denen die natürlichen von den anthropogenen Umweltveränderungen zu unterscheiden sind. Klimatisch unruhige Zeitabschnitte wie der Übergang Alleröd/Jüngere Tundrenzeit vor 12700 Kalenderjahren, der Übergang Spätglazial/Holozän vor 11560 Kalenderjahren und die 120 Jahre später einsetzende vorübergehende Abkühlung, die Rammelbeekphase, wurden analysiert, um Dauer, Verlauf und Folgeerscheinungen kennenzulernen. Als Methoden wurden eingesetzt: Mikrofaziesanalyse mit Dünnschliffen, Pollenanalyse, Mikrofaunauntersuchungen, anorganisch und organisch geochemische Analysen, Isotopenanalyse (delta13C, delta18O, AMS an terrestrischen Makroresten).