Age determinations for ODP Sites in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea

Records of biogenic and terrigenous components have been obtained from the interval corresponding to the last 2.6 m.y. of ODP Sites 643 and 644 in order to reconstruct surface and deep water regimes in the Norwegian Sea. Surface water regimes record long lasting moderate glacial conditions during the interval 2.6 1.0 Ma. Small intrusions of Atlantic water episodically penetrated into the Norwegian Sea forming a narrow tongue along the eastern margin, which is documented at Site 644. The polar front was most probably situated between the Site 644 and 643 locations on the outer Voring Plateau during these time intervals. Deep water regimes reflect long-term persistent corrosive bottom waters, most probably due to a weakly undersaturated water column and a low rate of carbonate shell production in surface waters. Deep water production in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea may have operated in a different way, e.g. brine formation during winter sea ice growth. Bottom waters were oxygenated throughout the entire period, and deep water was exchanged persistently with the North Atlantic. Increased glacial/interglacial enviromental contrasts are documented, reflecting a strengthening of the Norwegian Current and intensified glaciations on the surrounding land masses during the interval 1.0 0.6 Ma. During this time a major shift in the mode of deep water production occurred. Tile onset of large amplitudes in glacial/interglacial environmental conditions with maximum contrasts in surface water regimes, different modes of deep water production, and intensified exchange with the North Atlantic marks the last 0.6 Ma. A broad development of the Norwegian Current is observed during peak interglacials, while during glacials seasonally variable sea ice cover and iceberg drift dominate surface water conditions.

Heat flow measurements in sediments of the Norwegian Sea (Table 1)

During cruises in the Norwegian Sea in 1969 and 1972 seven heat flow values were measured between Iceland and the Voring Plateau. The six eastern values of this profile show a positive trend east-southeastwards which coincides with a possible transition from oceanic to continental crust suggested by seismic results. One heat flow value taken near Iceland and 250 miles west of the others reflects the influence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. An estimation of the heat flow at a depth of 15 km below the measuring localities yields values with a small, possibly insignificant negative trend towards the east-southeast. The temperatures at 15 km depth are estimated to be 190 °C beneath the zone of seamounts and 280 °C beneath the Voring Plateau.

Clay minerals in the Norwegian Sea and Fram Strait, investigation from sediment traps and cores

The grain size distribution and clay mineral composition of lithogenic particles of ice-rafted material, sinking matter, surface sediments, as well as from deep-sea cores are analysed. The samples were collected in the Fram Strait, the Arctic Ocean, and the Norwegian Sea during several expeditions with the research vessels "Polarstern", "Meteor" and "Poseidon", and Norwegian rearch vessels. Sinking matter was caught with sediment traps, fitted with timer-controlled sample changers, which had been deployde in the sea for usually one year.

Particulate concentrations and vertical fluxes of sedimentary material and chemical elements, composition of particulate and sinking material in the water column of the Bear Island Trough, Norwegian Sea, July 1995

CTD and nephelometric sounding data are considered along with parameters of the near-bottom currents and particulate fluxes measured by a subsurface mooring station in the northern part of the Bear Island Trough. It is shown that the near-bottom current is characterized by highly variable parameters, while distribution of suspended particulate matter demonstrates surface and bottom maxima. Horizontal and vertical fluxes of sedimentary material in the nepheloid layer are studied.

Compilation of maximum ingestion and maximum clearance rate data for marine pelagic organisms

The metabolic rate of organisms may either be viewed as a basic property from which other vital rates and many ecological patterns emerge and that follows a universal allometric mass scaling law; or it may be considered a property of the organism that emerges as a result of the organism's adaptation to the environment, with consequently less universal mass scaling properties. Data on body mass, maximum ingestion and clearance rates, respiration rates and maximum growth rates of animals living in the ocean epipelagic were compiled from the literature, mainly from original papers but also from previous compilations by other authors. Data were read from tables or digitized from graphs. Only measurements made on individuals of know size, or groups of individuals of similar and known size were included. We show that clearance and respiration rates have life-form-dependent allometries that have similar scaling but different elevations, such that the mass-specific rates converge on a rather narrow size-independent range. In contrast, ingestion and growth rates follow a near-universal taxa-independent ~3/4 mass scaling power law. We argue that the declining mass-specific clearance rates with size within taxa is related to the inherent decrease in feeding efficiency of any particular feeding mode. The transitions between feeding mode and simultaneous transitions in clearance and respiration rates may then represent adaptations to the food environment and be the result of the optimization of tradeoffs that allow sufficient feeding and growth rates to balance mortality.

Compilation of growth rate data for marine pelagic organisms

The metabolic rate of organisms may either be viewed as a basic property from which other vital rates and many ecological patterns emerge and that follows a universal allometric mass scaling law; or it may be considered a property of the organism that emerges as a result of the organism's adaptation to the environment, with consequently less universal mass scaling properties. Data on body mass, maximum ingestion and clearance rates, respiration rates and maximum growth rates of animals living in the ocean epipelagic were compiled from the literature, mainly from original papers but also from previous compilations by other authors. Data were read from tables or digitized from graphs. Only measurements made on individuals of know size, or groups of individuals of similar and known size were included. We show that clearance and respiration rates have life-form-dependent allometries that have similar scaling but different elevations, such that the mass-specific rates converge on a rather narrow size-independent range. In contrast, ingestion and growth rates follow a near-universal taxa-independent ~3/4 mass scaling power law. We argue that the declining mass-specific clearance rates with size within taxa is related to the inherent decrease in feeding efficiency of any particular feeding mode. The transitions between feeding mode and simultaneous transitions in clearance and respiration rates may then represent adaptations to the food environment and be the result of the optimization of tradeoffs that allow sufficient feeding and growth rates to balance mortality.