Geochemistry of volcanic glass from ODP holes 129-801C and 185-801C in the western Pacific

Major element chemistry of basalt from the southern East Pacific Rise (EPR) is different from that of the EPR at the time of the formation of the Pacific Plate at 170 Ma.Glass recovered from Jurassic age (170 Ma) Pacific ocean crust (Bartolini and Larson, 2001, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0735:PMATPS>2.0.CO;2) at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 801C records higher Fe8 (10.77 wt%) and marginally lower Na8 (2.21 wt%) compared to the modern EPR, suggesting deeper melting and a temperature of initial melting that was 60°C hotter than today.Trace element ratios such as La/Sm and Zr/Y, on the other hand, show remarkable similarities to the modern southern EPR, indicating that Site 801 was not generated on a hotspot-influenced ridge and that mantle composition has changed little in the Pacific over the past 170 Ma. Our results are consistent with the observation that mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) older than 80 Ma were derived by higher temperature melting than are modern MORBs (Humler et al., 1999, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00218-6), which may have been a consequence of the Cretaceous superplume event in the Pacific.Site 801 predates the formation of Pacific oceanic plateaus and 801C basalt chemistry indicates that higher temperatures of mantle melting beneath Pacific ridges preceded the initiation of the superplume.

Concentrations of major-element oxides and minor and trace elements at DSDP Legs 87, 57, 56 and 31

Sediments from Sites 582 (11 samples), 583 (19 samples), 584 (31 samples), 294 (1 sample), 296 (9 samples), 297 (3 samples), 436 (11 samples), and 439 (3 samples) were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and/or instrumental neutron activation analysis. Ten major elements and 24 minor and trace elements (including 7 rare earth elements) were determined with these methods. Geochemistry varies systematically with both the site location and sediment age. Such variations are explained in terms of changes in sedimentation processes caused by plate motion and changes in ocean currents.

Platinum group elements and geochemistry of altered oceanic crust of ODP Hole 140-504B

Primary chemical heterogeneity in the sheeted dike complex in Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 504B makes these rocks unsuitable for conventional mass balance calculations in determining element mobility associated with hydrothermal alteration. Due to the original heterogeneity and variable degrees of fractionation in the dikes, an appropriate reference sample on which calculations can be based is difficult to find. Therefore, the use of incompatible element ratios is developed to evaluate geochemical changes during alteration(s). For example, on a Zr/Yb-La/Yb plot, scatter along a straight line suggests tapping of a variably depleted mantle source and deviation from the line suggests element mobility (gain or loss). Using this method, our data indicates that the hydrothermal evolution of the sheeted dike complex was accompanied by significant loss of Cu, Zn, and Ti and some loss of La. The sheeted dike complex has low platinum group element (PGE) concentrations and steep PGE patterns, typical of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) on the global scale. We propose that the unusual PGE patterns of MORBs cannot be entirely generated by a partial melting and sulfide segregation model; instead, these patterns in part must have been inherited from their mantle source. The Au data show no evidence for mobilization during hydrothermal alteration of the dikes.

Geochemistry of ash from Santorin, Greece

Santorin, am südlichsten Punkt des Kykladenbogens gelegen, ist der einzige noch tätige Vulkan in der südlichen Ägäis. Der Vulkanismus begann vor ca. 1.6 Mio. Jahren. Santorin besteht aus 5 Inseln, die nahezu vollständig aus vulkanischen Gesteinen aufgebaut sind, die im Laufe der Vulkangeschichte aus verschiedenen Eruptionszentren gefördert wurden. Abgesehen von den Laven im N der Hauptinsel Thera, wird der Zentral- und Südteil der Insel in der Hauptsache von den pyroklastischen Förderprodukten des sog. Thera-Vulkans aufgebaut. In der vorliegenden Arbeit waren diese pyroklastischen Serien Ziel der Untersuchungen. Die Ergebnisse daraus können folgendermaßen zusammengefaßt werden: - Die Aufnahme von 14 detaillierten Profilen und deren Korrelierung erbrachte die Einteilung der pyroklastischen Schichten in 5 Haupt-Folgen: T5/1 - Untere Bimsstein-Folge (Bu), T5/2-Mittlere Bimsstein-Folge (Bm), - T5/3, Die Obere Bimsstein-Folge (Bo) wurde dabei nicht weiter berücksichtigt, da sie bereits in zahlreichen Arbeiten untersucht worden ist. - Die als T5/1-3 bezeichneten Serien bestehen aus Aschen, Schlacken, wenigen Bimsstein-Horizonten und untergeordnet Ignimbriten, 'pyroclastic' und 'ash flow'-Ablagerungen, sowie Laharen. Umlagerungen und Bodenhorizonte zeigen die Unterbrechung in der vulkanischen Tätigkeit an. - In den Tg-Folgen konnten jeweils einer oder mehrere Leit-Horizonte gefunden werden, die es ermöglichen die drei Tg-Serien zu unterscheiden und zu korrelieren. - Die Untere Bimsstein-Folge (Bu) wurde in sechs Einheiten unterteilt, die eine Wechselfolge von 'pumice fall' und 'pumice flow'-Ablagerungen bilden. - Mineralogische Untersuchungen zeigen für die 5 Haupt-Folgen nur geringe Unterschiede. Die Bimssteine und Schlacken bestehen überwiegend aus Glas und haben nur wenige Phänokristalle (3-12 Vol.*), wobei der Plagioklas (Andesin-Labradorit) überwiegt; Orthopyroxen (Hypersthen) und Klinopyroxen (diops. Augit) stellen ca. 30% der Einsprengunge. An Akzessorien sind vorhanden: Apatit, Magnetit, Hämatit und sehr selten Hornblende. - Ein Versuch zur Unterscheidung der Gesteine in den einzelnen Schicht-Einheiten war die Bestimmung der Lichtbrechung und der Dichte. Es zeigte sich, daß die Dichte weniger geeignet ist, die Lichtbrechung aber eine schwache Differenzierung widerspiegelt und somit für die Bimssteine und Schlacken, aber auch für die Bimssteine innerhalb des Bu unterschiedliche Werte gefunden wurden - Aus den Korngrößen-Analysen des Asche-Leithorizontes der T5/3-Folge ergaben sich die Lage des Eruptionszentrums und die damals vorherrschende Windrichtung. - Die Oberen Ignimbrite (Ign., im Hangenden der T5/3-Folge) konnten erstmals in 5 Einheiten unterteilt werden. - Die Seltenen Erden-Analysen erbrachten für die einzelnen Folgen in etwa die gleichen SEE-Spektren. - Die geochemischen Untersuchungen von ca. 120 Proben sind in verschiedenen Diagrammen dargestellt. Daraus wird deutlich, daß die T5-Folgen die basischsten Glieder sind. Es handelt sich überwiegend um Quarz-Andesite und Quarz-Latiandesite, während die Bimsstein-Serien (Bu u. Bm) eine quarz-latiandesitische bis rhyodacitische Zusammensetzung haben. Es sind aber alles kalkalkaline Gesteine, die in den Bereich der Kontinentalrand-Andesite gehören. - Es wird angenommen, daß die Gesteine des Thera-Vulkans aus einer Magmakammer stammen. Während Zeiten ± kontinuierlicher, explosiver Tätigkeit wurden die Aschen und Schlacken der T5-Serien gefördert, die gegenüber den Bimsstein-Folgen relativ basisch sind. Während längerer Ruheperioden (Bodenhorizonte am Top der Tc-Folgen) differenzierte die Schmelze in der Magmakammer, vorwiegend durch Kristallfraktionierung. In den paroxysmalen Ausbrüchen wurden dann die sauren, gasreichen Bimssteine des Bu, Bm und Bo gefördert. - Anhand der lithologischen und geochemischen Untersuchungen ließen sich die etwaigen Eruptionszentren, die Ausbruchsmechanismen und der Ablagerungstyp der Schichten herleiten und daraus die Vulkangeschichte rekonstruieren, wie sie in vier Tabellen übersichtlich zusammengefaßt sind. - Schließlich sollen paläomorphologische Karten die einzelnen Stadien des Thera-Vulkans veranschaulichen.

Composition of minerals from peridotides at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 13°N

Peridotites (diopside-bearing harzburgites) found at 13°N of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge fall into two compositional groups. Peridotites P1 are plagioclase-free rocks with minerals of uniform composition and Ca-pyroxene strongly depleted in highly incompatible elements. Peridotites P2 bear evidence of interaction with basic melt: mafic veinlets; wide variations in mineral composition; enrichment of minerals in highly incompatible elements (Na, Zr, and LREE); enrichment of minerals in moderately incompatible elements (Ti, Y, and HREE) from P1 level to abundances 4-10 times higher toward the contacts with mafic aggregates; and exotic mineral assemblages Cr-spinel + rutile and Cr-spinel + ilmenite in peridotite and pentlandite + rutile in mafic veinlets. Anomalous incompatible-element enrichment of minerals from peridotites P2 occurred at the spinel-plagioclase facies boundary, which corresponds to pressure of about 0.8-0.9 GPa. Temperature and oxygen fugacity were estimated from spinel-orthopyroxene-olivine equilibria. Peridotites P1 with uniform mineral composition record temperature of the last complete recrystallization at 940-1050°C and FMQ buffer oxygen fugacity within the calculation error. In peridotites P2, local assemblages have different compositions of coexisting minerals, which reflects repeated partial recrystallization during heating to magmatic temperatures (above 1200°C) and subsequent reequilibration at temperatures decreasing to 910°C and oxygen fugacity significantly higher than FMQ buffer (delta log fO2 = 1.3-1.9). Mafic veins are considered to be a crystallization product from basic melt enriched in Mg and Ni via interaction with peridotite. The geochemical type of melt reconstructed by the equilibrium with Ca-pyroxene is defined as T-MORB: (La/Sm)_N~1.6 and (Ce/Yb) )_N~2.3 that is well consistent with compositional variations of modern basaltic lavas in this segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, including new data on quenched basaltic glasses.

Composition of volcanic rocks from the Alchan Basin, Northwestern Primorie

Geological, petrochemical, and geochemical data are reported for volcanic rocks of a Cretaceous pull-apart basin in the Tan Lu strike-slip system, Asian continental margin. A comparison of these volcanic rocks with magmatic rocks from typical Cenozoic transform margins in the western North America and rift zones of Korea made it possible to distinguish some indicator features of transform-margin volcanic rocks. Magmatic rocks from strike-slip extension zones bear island-arc, intraplate, and occasionally depleted MORB geochemical signatures. In addition to calc-alkaline rocks there are bimodal volcanic series. The rocks are characterized by high K2O, MgO, and TiO2 contents. They show variable enrichment in LILE relative to HFSE, which is typical of island-arc magmas. At the same time they are rich in compatible transition elements, which is a characteristic of intraplate magmas. Trace element distribution patterns normalized to MORB or primitive mantle usually show a negative Ta-Nb anomaly typical of suprasubduction settings. Their Ta/Nb ratio is lower, whereas Ba/Nb, Ba/La, and La/Yb ratios are higher than those of some MORB and OIB. In terms of trace element systematics, for example, Ta-Th-Hf, Ba/La-(Ba/La)_n, (La/Sm)_n-La/Hf, and others, they fall within the area of mixing of magmas from several sources (island arc, intraplate, and depleted reservoirs). Magmatic rocks of transform settings show a sigmoidal chondrite-normalized REE distribution pattern with a negative slope of LREE, depletion in MREE, and an enriched or flat HREE pattern. Magmas with mixed geochemical characteristics presumably originated in a transform margin setting in local extension zones under influence of mantle diapirs, which caused metasomatism and melting of the lithosphere at different levels, and mixing of melts from different sources in variable proportions.

(Table 1) Geochemistry of basalts of Nauru Basin

Leg 61 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was concerned with drilling a single continuously cored multiple re-entry hole at site 462 in the Central Nauru Basin (Fig. 1). Preliminary results of this drilling, which penetrated more than 1 km beneath the sea floor, were presented earlier. One major result was the discovery of a late Cretaceous off-ridge volcanic/intrusive complex of basaltic composition and great thickness (>500 m). We now present trace element abundance data for these basalts. Results of the drilling provide further support for a relatively long-lived thermal and magmatic event in the late Cretaceous resulting in voluminous and widespread magmatism in the central and western Pacific consistent with earlier suggestions. The trace element data show that most of the rocks produced during this event have trace element characteristics intermediate between those of normal and transitional mid-ocean ridge basalts (N- and T-type MORB) and different from Hawaiian basalts. These results indicate that basalts which are depleted in light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to the heavy REE may, in certain conditions, be erupted as voluminous intra-plate eruptions far from active ridge crests.

Chemical composition of clinopyroxenes and melt inclusions in clinopyroxenes from rocks of the Malaita Island, Ontong Java Plateau (Pacific Ocean)

The paper is based on new results of melt inclusion studies in minerals. Physicochemical and geochemical parameters of plateau basalt magmatic systems of the Siberian Platform and Ontong Java Plateau (Pacific Ocean) have been established. The studied melts are enriched in Fe. That differs them from magmatic melts of mid-ocean ridges (MOR). A comparative analysis of data on inclusions has shown a similarity of continental and oceanic plateau basalt magmatic systems. They considerably differ from those of MOR and intraplate oceanic islands. Crystallization of oceanic plateau basalts took place at lower temperatures and pressures as compared with similar rocks of the Siberian Platform. The data on inclusions evidence that the melts of the Siberian Platform and the Malaita Island underwent a serious evolution in contrast to magmas of the Nauru Basin that have more stable geochemical parameters. The most fractionated low-temperature high-Fe magmas with elevated contents of trace and rare-earth elements occur in the Malaita Island (Ontong Java Plateau) magmatic system.

Rare earth elements of modern seeps from the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and the Congo Fan

At marine seeps, methane is microbially oxidized resulting in the precipitation of carbonates close to the seafloor. Methane oxidation leads to sulfate depletion in sediment pore water, which induces a change in redox conditions. Rare earth element (REE) patterns of authigenic carbonate phases collected from modern seeps of the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and the Congo Fan were analyzed. Different carbonate minerals including aragonite and calcite with different crystal habits have been selected for analysis. Total REE content (SumREE) of seep carbonates varies widely, from 0.1 ppm to 42.5 ppm, but a common trend is that the SumREE in microcrystalline phases is higher than that of the associated later phases including micospar, sparite and blocky cement, suggesting that SumREE may be a function of diagenesis. The shale-normalized REE patterns of the seep carbonates often show different Ce anomalies even in samples from a specific site, suggesting that the formation conditions of seep carbonates are variable and complex. Overall, our results show that apart from anoxic, oxic conditions are at least temporarily common in seep environments.

Chemical and isotopic compositions of basalts and glasses from lavas of the Sierra Leone fault site

According to detailed petrological, geochemical, and isotope-geochemical study, fragments of fresh pillow lavas with chilled glass margins dredged at the Sierra-Leone test site in the axial rift zone of the MAR between 5° and 7°N correspond to MORB tholeiites, which are not primitive mantle melts, but were differentiated in intermediate magmatic (intrusive) chambers. Small-scale geochemical and Sr-Nd isotope heterogeneities were established for the first time in basalts and their glasses. It was shown that some samples have significant nonsystematic differences in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio between basalts and their chilled glasses and less significant difference in e-Nd; higher Sr ratios can be observed both in glasses and basalts of the same lava fragments. No significant correlation is observed between isotope characteristics of samples and their geochemistry; it was also shown that seawater did not affect Sr and Nd isotope compositions of the chilled glasses from the studied pillow lavas. It is suggested that such differences in isotope ratios are related to small-scale heterogeneity of melts owing to incomplete homogenization during their rapid ascent to the surface. Heterogeneity of basaltic melts is explained by their partial contamination by older plutonic rocks (especially gabbroids) of the lower oceanic crust, through which they ascended to the surface of the ocean floor. The wider scatter of the Sr isotopic ratios relative to Nd ones is related to presence of xenocrysts of calcic plagioclase; correspondingly, absence of a Nd mineral carrier in the rocks results in less distinct Nd isotope variations. It was shown that all studied basalts define a single trend along the mantle correlation array in the Sr-Nd isotope diagram. Causes of this phenomenon remain unclear.

Composition and age of volcanic rocks from the Sinii Utes Depression, Southern Primoye

New data are reported on structure of sections, chemical composition, and age of volcano-sedimentary and volcanic rocks from the Sinii Utes Depression in the Southern Primorye region. The Sinii Utes Depression is filled with two sequences: the lower sequence composed of sedimentary-volcanogenic coaliferous rocks (the stratotype of the Sinii Utes Formation) and the upper sequence consisting of tephroid with overlying basalts. This work considers chemical composition and problems of K-Ar dating of basalts. The uppermost basaltic flow has K-Ar age 22.0±1.0 Ma. The dates obtained for the middle and upper parts of lava flows are underestimated. It is explained by their heating due to combustion of brown coals of the Sinii Utes Formation underlying the lava flow. Calculations show that argon could only partly have been removed from the basalts owing to conductive heat transfer and was lost largely due to infiltration of hot gases in heterogeneous fissured medium. Basaltic volcanism on continental margins of the southern Primorye region and the adjacent Korean and Chinese areas at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary preceded Early-Middle Miocene spreading and formation of the Sea of Japan basin. Undifferentiated moderately alkaline basalts of intraplate affinity developed in the Amba Depression and some other structures of the southern Primorye region and intraplate alkali basalts of the Phohang Graben in the Korean Peninsula serve as indicators of incipient spreading regime in the Sea of Japan. Potassic basalt-trachybasalt eruptions occurred locally in riftogenic depressions and shield volcanoes. In some structures this volcanism was terminated by eruptions of intermediate and acid lavas. Such evolution of volcanism is explained by selective contamination of basaltic melts during their interaction with crustal acid material and generation of acid anatectic melts.

Geochemical processes and rare earth element analysis in cold-seep pore waters of Hydrate Ridge, northeast Pacific Ocean

The concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), sulphate, hydrogen sulphide, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and phosphate were measured in shallow (<12 cm below seafloor) pore waters from cold-seep sediments on the northern and southern summits of Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon. Downward-decreasing sulphate and coevally increasing sulphide concentrations reveal sulphate reductionas dominant early diagenetic process from ~2 cm depth downwards. A strong increase of total dissolved REE concentrations is evident immediately below the sediment-water interface, which can be related to early diagenetic release of REEs into pore water resulting from the remineralization of particulate organic matter. The highest pore water REE concentrations were measured close to the sediment-water interface at ~2 cm depth. Distinct shale normalized REE patterns point to particulate organic matter and iron oxides as main REE sources in the upper ~2-cm depth interval. In general, the pore waters have shalenormalized patterns reflecting heavy REE (HREE) enrichment, which suggests preferential complexation of HREEs with carbonate ions. Below ~2 cm depth, a downward decrease in REE correlates with a decrease in pore water calcium concentrations. At this depth, the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulphate reduction increases carbonate alkalinity through the production of bicarbonate, which results in the precipitation of carbonate minerals. It seems therefore likely that the REEs and calcium are consumed during vast AOM-induced precipitation of carbonate in shallow Hydrate Ridge sediments. The analysis of pore waters from Hydrate Ridge shed new light on early diagenetic processes at cold seeps, corroborating the great potential of REEs to identify geochemical processes and to constrain environmental conditions.

Ordinary and duplicate analysis from major and trace elements of ODP Holes 146-888B and 168-1027B

Oceanic sediments deposited at high rate close to continents are dominated by terrigenous material. Aside from dilution by biogenic components, their chemical compositions reflect those of nearby continental masses. This study focuses on oceanic sediments coming from the juvenile Canadian Cordillera and highlights systematic differences between detritus deriving from juvenile crust and detritus from old and mature crust. We report major and trace element concentrations for 68 sediments from the northernmost part of the Cascade forearc, drilled at ODP Sites 888 and 1027. The calculated weighted averages for each site can then be used in the future to quantify the contribution of subducted sediments to Cascades volcanism. The two sites have similar compositions but Site 888, located closer to the continent, has higher sandy turbidite contents and displays higher bulk SiO2/Al2O3 with lower bulk Nb/Zr, attributed to the presence of zircons in the coarse sands. Comparison with published data for other oceanic sedimentary piles demonstrates the existence of systematic differences between modern sediments deriving from juvenile terranes (juvenile sediments) and modern sediments derived from mature continental areas (cratonic sediments). The most striking systematic difference is for Th/Nb, Th/U, Nb/U and Th/Rb ratios: juvenile sediments have much lower ratios than cratonic sediments. The small enrichment of Th over Nb in cratonic sediments may be explained by intracrustal magmatic and metamorphic differentiation processes. In contrast, their elevated Th/U and Nb/U ratios (average values of 6.87 and 7.95, respectively) in comparison to juvenile sediments (Th/U ~ 3.09, Nb/U ~ 5.15) suggest extensive U and Rb losses on old cratons. Uranium and Rb losses are attributed to long-term leaching by rain and river water during exposure of the continental crust at the surface. Over geological times, the weathering effects create a slow but systematic increase of Th/U with exposure time.