(Appendix) Characteristic directions at DSDP Hole 76-534A

Kimmeridgian-Tithonian red marly limestones and Berriasian white limestones were recovered at Site 534 of DSDP Leg 76 in the western North Atlantic. These yielded a well-defined magnetostratigraphy with the characteristic magnetization carried by hematite in red sediments and magnetite in white sediments. The polarity sequence is correlated to the magnetostratigraphy of Kimmeridgian-Tithonian-Berriasian pelagic carbonates of northern Italy and southern Spain, allowing precise biostratigraphic age correlations. The Berriasian/Tithonian boundary occurs within the upper half of Core 90, the late Tithonian/early Tithonian boundary at the base of Core 96, and the Tithonian/Kimmeridgian boundary at the top of Core 102. Correlations are also made to M-16 through M-22 of the marine magnetic anomaly M-sequence. Poor recovery and irregular magnetic properties of the underlying Kimmeridgian-Oxfordian-Callovian marls and claystones prevented determination of a polarity sequence, but the entire interval has mixed polarity. Valanginian gray marly limestones have very weak magnetizations, and preliminary results are inadequate to determine the polarity pattern.

Natural high pCO2 increases autotrophy in Anemonia viridis (Anthozoa) as revealed from stable isotope (C, N) analysis

Contemporary cnidarian-algae symbioses are challenged by increasing CO2 concentrations (ocean warming and acidification) affecting organisms' biological performance. We examined the natural variability of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis to investigate dietary shifts (autotrophy/heterotrophy) along a natural pCO2 gradient at the island of Vulcano, Italy. delta 13C values for both algal symbionts (Symbiodinium) and host tissue of A. viridis became significantly lighter with increasing seawater pCO2. Together with a decrease in the difference between delta 13C values of both fractions at the higher pCO2 sites, these results indicate there is a greater net autotrophic input to the A. viridis carbon budget under high pCO2 conditions. delta 15N values and C/N ratios did not change in Symbiodinium and host tissue along the pCO2 gradient. Additional physiological parameters revealed anemone protein and Symbiodinium chlorophyll a remained unaltered among sites. Symbiodinium density was similar among sites yet their mitotic index increased in anemones under elevated pCO2. Overall, our findings show that A. viridis is characterized by a higher autotrophic/heterotrophic ratio as pCO2 increases. The unique trophic flexibility of this species may give it a competitive advantage and enable its potential acclimation and ecological success in the future under increased ocean acidification.