Properties of seawater and particulate matter from a WETLabs ALFA hyperspectral laser spectrofluorometer mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data set provides continuous measurements made with an Aquatic Laser Fluorescence Analyzer (ALFA) (Chekalyuk et al., 2014), connected in-line to the TARA flow through system during 2013. The ALFA instrument provides dual-wavelength excitation (405 and 514 nm) of laser-stimulated emission (LSE) for spectral and temporal analysis. It offers in vivo fluorescence assessments of phytoplankton pigments, biomass, photosynthetic yield (Fv/Fm), phycobiliprotein (PBP)-containing phytoplankton groups, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (Chekalyuk and Hafez, 2008; 2013A). Spectral deconvolution (SDC) is used to assess the overlapped spectral bands of aquatic fluorescence constituents and water Raman scattering (R). The Fv/Fm measurements are spectrally corrected for non-chlorophyll fluorescence background produced by CDOM and other constituents (Chekalyuk and Hafez, 2008). The sensor was cleaned weakly following the manufacturer recommended protocol.

Inorganic carbon and geochemistry measurements from landfast sea ice in Resolute Passage, Nunavut, Canada, as part of the Arctic-ICE project, May - June 2010

We conducted a six-week investigation of the sea ice inorganic carbon system during the winter-spring transition in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Samples for the determination of sea ice geochemistry were collected in conjunction with physical and biological parameters as part of the 2010 Arctic-ICE (Arctic - Ice-Covered Ecosystem in a Rapidly Changing Environment) program, a sea ice-based process study in Resolute Passage, Nunavut. The goal of Arctic-ICE was to determine the physical-biological processes controlling the timing of primary production in Arctic landfast sea ice and to better understand the influence of these processes on the drawdown and release of climatically active gases. The field study was conducted from 1 May to 21 June, 2010.

Coral-algae metabolism and diurnal changes in the CO2-carbonate system of bulk sea water

Precise measurements were conducted in continuous flow seawater mesocosms located in full sunlight that compared metabolic response of coral, coral-macroalgae and macroalgae systems over a diurnal cycle. Irradiance controlled net photosynthesis (Pnet), which in turn drove net calcification (Gnet), and altered pH. Pnet exerted the dominant control on [CO3]2- and aragonite saturation state (Omega arag) over the diel cycle. Dark calcification rate decreased after sunset, reaching zero near midnight followed by an increasing rate that peaked at 03:00 h. Changes in Omega arag and pH lagged behind Gnet throughout the daily cycle by two or more hours. The flux rate Pnet was the primary driver of calcification. Daytime coral metabolism rapidly removes dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the bulk seawater and photosynthesis provides the energy that drives Gnet while increasing the bulk water pH. These relationships result in a correlation between Gnet and Omega arag, with Omega arag as the dependent variable. High rates of H+ efflux continued for several hours following mid-day peak Gnet suggesting that corals have difficulty in shedding waste protons as described by the Proton Flux Hypothesis. DIC flux (uptake) followed Pnet and Gnet and dropped off rapidly following peak Pnet and peak Gnet indicating that corals can cope more effectively with the problem of limited DIC supply compared to the problem of eliminating H+. Over a 24 h period the plot of total alkalinity (AT) versus DIC as well as the plot of Gnet versus Omega arag revealed a circular hysteresis pattern over the diel cycle in the coral and coral-algae mesocosms, but not the macroalgae mesocosm. Presence of macroalgae did not change Gnet of the corals, but altered the relationship between Omega arag and Gnet. Predictive models of how future global changes will effect coral growth that are based on oceanic Omega arag must include the influence of future localized Pnet on Gnet and changes in rate of reef carbonate dissolution. The correlation between Omega arag and Gnet over the diel cycle is simply the response of the CO2-carbonate system to increased pH as photosynthesis shifts the equilibria and increases the [CO3]2- relative to the other DIC components of [HCO3]- and [CO2]. Therefore Omega arag closely tracked pH as an effect of changes in Pnet, which also drove changes in Gnet. Measurements of DIC flux and H+ flux are far more useful than concentrations in describing coral metabolism dynamics. Coral reefs are systems that exist in constant disequilibrium with the water column.

Pore water geochemistry of Håkon Mosby mud volcano sediments measured at station PS74/169-1_PUC-15 (Z1-S1, new flow surface)

Pore water and turnover rates were determined for surface sediment cores obtained in 2009 and 2010. The pore water was extracted with Rhizons (Rhizon CSS: length 5 cm, pore diameter 0.15 µm; Rhizosphere Research Products, Wageningen, Netherlands) in 1 cm-resolution and immediately fixed in 5% zinc acetate (ZnAc) solution for sulfate, and sulfide analyses. The samples were diluted, filtered and the concentrations measured with non-suppressed anion exchange chromatography (Waters IC-Pak anion exchange column, waters 430 conductivity detector). The total sulfide concentrations (H2S + HS- + S**2-) were determined using the diamine complexation method (doi:10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0454). Samples for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity measurements were preserved by adding 2 µl saturated mercury chloride (HgCl2) solution and stored headspace-free in gas-tight glass vials. DIC and alkalinity were measured using the flow injection method (detector VWR scientific model 1054) (doi:10.4319/lo.1992.37.5.1113). Dissolved sulfide was eliminated prior to the DIC measurement by adding 0.5 M molybdate solution (doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.1011). Nutrient subsamples (10 - 15 ml) were stored at - 20 °C prior to concentration measurements with a Skalar Continuous-Flow Analyzer (doi:10.1002/9783527613984).

Pore water geochemistry of Håkon Mosby mud volcano sediments measured at station MSM16/2_847-1 (Z2-S2, aged flow surface)

Pore water and turnover rates were determined for surface sediment cores obtained in 2009 and 2010. The pore water was extracted with Rhizons (Rhizon CSS: length 5 cm, pore diameter 0.15 µm; Rhizosphere Research Products, Wageningen, Netherlands) in 1 cm-resolution and immediately fixed in 5% zinc acetate (ZnAc) solution for sulfate, and sulfide analyses. The samples were diluted, filtered and the concentrations measured with non-suppressed anion exchange chromatography (Waters IC-Pak anion exchange column, waters 430 conductivity detector). The total sulfide concentrations (H2S + HS- + S**2-) were determined using the diamine complexation method (doi:10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0454). Samples for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity measurements were preserved by adding 2 µl saturated mercury chloride (HgCl2) solution and stored headspace-free in gas-tight glass vials. DIC and alkalinity were measured using the flow injection method (detector VWR scientific model 1054) (doi:10.4319/lo.1992.37.5.1113). Dissolved sulfide was eliminated prior to the DIC measurement by adding 0.5 M molybdate solution (doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.1011). Nutrient subsamples (10 - 15 ml) were stored at - 20 °C prior to concentration measurements with a Skalar Continuous-Flow Analyzer (doi:10.1002/9783527613984).

Pore water geochemistry of Håkon Mosby mud volcano sediments measured at station MSM16/2_838-1 (Z1-S3, new flow surface)

Pore water and turnover rates were determined for surface sediment cores obtained in 2009 and 2010. The pore water was extracted with Rhizons (Rhizon CSS: length 5 cm, pore diameter 0.15 µm; Rhizosphere Research Products, Wageningen, Netherlands) in 1 cm-resolution and immediately fixed in 5% zinc acetate (ZnAc) solution for sulfate, and sulfide analyses. The samples were diluted, filtered and the concentrations measured with non-suppressed anion exchange chromatography (Waters IC-Pak anion exchange column, waters 430 conductivity detector). The total sulfide concentrations (H2S + HS- + S**2-) were determined using the diamine complexation method (doi:10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0454). Samples for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity measurements were preserved by adding 2 µl saturated mercury chloride (HgCl2) solution and stored headspace-free in gas-tight glass vials. DIC and alkalinity were measured using the flow injection method (detector VWR scientific model 1054) (doi:10.4319/lo.1992.37.5.1113). Dissolved sulfide was eliminated prior to the DIC measurement by adding 0.5 M molybdate solution (doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.1011). Nutrient subsamples (10 - 15 ml) were stored at - 20 °C prior to concentration measurements with a Skalar Continuous-Flow Analyzer (doi:10.1002/9783527613984).

Pore water geochemistry of Håkon Mosby mud volcano sediments measured at station MSM16/2_855-1 (Z2-S3, aged flow surface)

Pore water and turnover rates were determined for surface sediment cores obtained in 2009 and 2010. The pore water was extracted with Rhizons (Rhizon CSS: length 5 cm, pore diameter 0.15 µm; Rhizosphere Research Products, Wageningen, Netherlands) in 1 cm-resolution and immediately fixed in 5% zinc acetate (ZnAc) solution for sulfate, and sulfide analyses. The samples were diluted, filtered and the concentrations measured with non-suppressed anion exchange chromatography (Waters IC-Pak anion exchange column, waters 430 conductivity detector). The total sulfide concentrations (H2S + HS- + S**2-) were determined using the diamine complexation method (doi:10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0454). Samples for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity measurements were preserved by adding 2 µl saturated mercury chloride (HgCl2) solution and stored headspace-free in gas-tight glass vials. DIC and alkalinity were measured using the flow injection method (detector VWR scientific model 1054) (doi:10.4319/lo.1992.37.5.1113). Dissolved sulfide was eliminated prior to the DIC measurement by adding 0.5 M molybdate solution (doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.1011). Nutrient subsamples (10 - 15 ml) were stored at - 20 °C prior to concentration measurements with a Skalar Continuous-Flow Analyzer (doi:10.1002/9783527613984).

Pore water geochemistry of Håkon Mosby mud volcano sediments measured at station PS74/168-1 (Z1-S2, new flow surface)

Pore water and turnover rates were determined for surface sediment cores obtained in 2009 and 2010. The pore water was extracted with Rhizons (Rhizon CSS: length 5 cm, pore diameter 0.15 µm; Rhizosphere Research Products, Wageningen, Netherlands) in 1 cm-resolution and immediately fixed in 5% zinc acetate (ZnAc) solution for sulfate, and sulfide analyses. The samples were diluted, filtered and the concentrations measured with non-suppressed anion exchange chromatography (Waters IC-Pak anion exchange column, waters 430 conductivity detector). The total sulfide concentrations (H2S + HS- + S**2-) were determined using the diamine complexation method (doi:10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0454). Samples for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity measurements were preserved by adding 2 µl saturated mercury chloride (HgCl2) solution and stored headspace-free in gas-tight glass vials. DIC and alkalinity were measured using the flow injection method (detector VWR scientific model 1054) (doi:10.4319/lo.1992.37.5.1113). Dissolved sulfide was eliminated prior to the DIC measurement by adding 0.5 M molybdate solution (doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.1011). Nutrient subsamples (10 - 15 ml) were stored at - 20 °C prior to concentration measurements with a Skalar Continuous-Flow Analyzer (doi:10.1002/9783527613984).

Pore water geochemistry of Håkon Mosby mud volcano sediments measured at station PS74/172-1_PUC-136 (Z3-S2, old flow surface)

Pore water and turnover rates were determined for surface sediment cores obtained in 2009 and 2010. The pore water was extracted with Rhizons (Rhizon CSS: length 5 cm, pore diameter 0.15 µm; Rhizosphere Research Products, Wageningen, Netherlands) in 1 cm-resolution and immediately fixed in 5% zinc acetate (ZnAc) solution for sulfate, and sulfide analyses. The samples were diluted, filtered and the concentrations measured with non-suppressed anion exchange chromatography (Waters IC-Pak anion exchange column, waters 430 conductivity detector). The total sulfide concentrations (H2S + HS- + S**2-) were determined using the diamine complexation method (doi:10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0454). Samples for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity measurements were preserved by adding 2 µl saturated mercury chloride (HgCl2) solution and stored headspace-free in gas-tight glass vials. DIC and alkalinity were measured using the flow injection method (detector VWR scientific model 1054) (doi:10.4319/lo.1992.37.5.1113). Dissolved sulfide was eliminated prior to the DIC measurement by adding 0.5 M molybdate solution (doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.5.1011). Nutrient subsamples (10 - 15 ml) were stored at - 20 °C prior to concentration measurements with a Skalar Continuous-Flow Analyzer (doi:10.1002/9783527613984).

Properties of seawater from a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during campaign TARA_20091004Z of the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data publication contains measurements from the Continuous Surface Sampling System [CSSS] made during one campaign of the Tara Oceans Expedition. Water was pumped at the front of the vessel from ~2m depth, then de-bubbled and circulated to a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor. System maintenance (instrument cleaning, flushing) was done approximately once a week and in port between successive legs. All data were stamped with a GPS.

Properties of seawater from a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during campaign TARA_20091011Z of the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data publication contains measurements from the Continuous Surface Sampling System [CSSS] made during one campaign of the Tara Oceans Expedition. Water was pumped at the front of the vessel from ~2m depth, then de-bubbled and circulated to a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor. System maintenance (instrument cleaning, flushing) was done approximately once a week and in port between successive legs. All data were stamped with a GPS.

Properties of seawater from a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during campaign TARA_20091025Z of the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data publication contains measurements from the Continuous Surface Sampling System [CSSS] made during one campaign of the Tara Oceans Expedition. Water was pumped at the front of the vessel from ~2m depth, then de-bubbled and circulated to a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor. System maintenance (instrument cleaning, flushing) was done approximately once a week and in port between successive legs. All data were stamped with a GPS.

Properties of seawater from a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during campaign TARA_20091031Z of the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data publication contains measurements from the Continuous Surface Sampling System [CSSS] made during one campaign of the Tara Oceans Expedition. Water was pumped at the front of the vessel from ~2m depth, then de-bubbled and circulated to a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor. System maintenance (instrument cleaning, flushing) was done approximately once a week and in port between successive legs. All data were stamped with a GPS.

Properties of seawater from a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during campaign TARA_20091111Z of the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data publication contains measurements from the Continuous Surface Sampling System [CSSS] made during one campaign of the Tara Oceans Expedition. Water was pumped at the front of the vessel from ~2m depth, then de-bubbled and circulated to a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor. System maintenance (instrument cleaning, flushing) was done approximately once a week and in port between successive legs. All data were stamped with a GPS.

Properties of seawater from a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor mounted on the continuous surface water sampling system during campaign TARA_20091122Z of the Tara Oceans expedition 2009-2013

The Tara Oceans Expedition (2009-2013) sampled the world oceans on board a 36 m long schooner, collecting environmental data and organisms from viruses to planktonic metazoans for later analyses using modern sequencing and state-of-the-art imaging technologies. Tara Oceans Data are particularly suited to study the genetic, morphological and functional diversity of plankton. The present data publication contains measurements from the Continuous Surface Sampling System [CSSS] made during one campaign of the Tara Oceans Expedition. Water was pumped at the front of the vessel from ~2m depth, then de-bubbled and circulated to a Sea-Bird TSG temperature and conductivity sensor. System maintenance (instrument cleaning, flushing) was done approximately once a week and in port between successive legs. All data were stamped with a GPS.