Calcareous nannofossils in Neogene sediments of ODP Leg 117 holes

Calcareous nannofossils were studied in 574 Neogene samples recovered from eight sites drilled in block-faulted basins on the continental margin of Oman. This portion of the Arabian Sea experiences seasonal upwelling associated with the southwest monsoon. Not surprisingly, some of the more typical Neogene warm-water nannoplankton are either missing entirely or are extremely rare in these sediments. Coccolithus pelagicus, a typical cold-water indicator, is extremely abundant in many samples of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. These intervals correspond to periods of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Reworked Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic nannofossils are found in a majority of the samples. They were probably carried from the Arabian Peninsula or the continent of Africa on strong southwest summer winds. Ages for the various nannofossil events were calculated by projecting the nannofossil datums onto the magnetostratigraphic scale for Sites 724, 727, and 728. These are the first ages for the various nannofossil datums derived from Oman Margin sediments. The following ages have been calculated for these nannofossil events: FAD Emiliania huxleyi, 0.23 Ma; LAD Pseudoemiliania lacunosa, 0.38 Ma; FAD Helicosphaera inversa, 0.42 Ma; top of acme of Reticulofenestra sp. A, 0.70 Ma; FAD Gephyrocapsaparallela, 0.85 Ma; LAD Gephyrocapsa spp. (large), 1.07 Ma; LAD Helicosphaera sellii, 1.34 Ma; LAD Calcidiscus macintyrei, 1.47 Ma; FAD Gephyrocapsa oceanica, 1.53 Ma; FAD Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica, 1.80 Ma; LAD Discoaster brouweri, 2.03 Ma; LAD Discoasterpentaradiatus, 2.31 Ma; LAD Discoaster surculus, 2.42; LAD Discoaster tamalis, 2.77 Ma; LAD Sphenolithus abies, 3.44 Ma; and LAD Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilica, 3.44 Ma.

Microbiota and Microsatellite genotypes of Pacific oysters stemming from three oyster bed in the Northern Wadden Sea

Background: Studies of oyster microbiomes have revealed that a limited number of microbes, including pathogens, can dominate microbial communities in host tissues such as gills and gut. Much of the bacterial diversity however remains underexplored and unexplained, although environmental conditions and host genetics have been implicated. We used 454 next generation 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of individually tagged PCR reactions to explore the diversity of bacterial communities in gill tissue of the invasive Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas stemming from genetically differentiated beds under ambient outdoor conditions and after a multifaceted disturbance treatment imposing stress on the host. Results: While the gill associated microbial communities in oysters were dominated by few abundant taxa (i.e. Sphingomonas, Mycoplasma) the distribution of rare bacterial groups correlated to relatedness between the hosts under ambient conditions. Exposing the host to disturbance broke apart this relationship by removing rare phylotypes thereby reducing overall microbial diversity. Shifts in the microbiome composition in response to stress did not result in a net increase in genera known to contain potentially pathogenic strains. Conclusion: The decrease in microbial diversity and the disassociation between population genetic structure of the hosts and their associated microbiome suggest that disturbance (i.e. stress) may play a significant role for the assembly of the natural microbiome. Such community shifts may in turn also feed back on the course of disease and the occurrence of mass mortality events in oyster populations.

Organic compounds in sediments and pore waters of ODP Sites 117-723 and 117-724

Total organic carbon, amino compounds, and carbohydrates were measured in pore waters and sediments of Pliocene to Pleistocene age from Sites 723 and 724 (ODP Leg 117) to evaluate (1) relationships between organic matter in the sediment and in the pore water, (2) the imprint of lithological variations on the abundance and contribution of organic substances, (3) degradation of amino compounds and carbohydrates with time and/or depth, and (4) the dependence of the ammonia concentration in the pore water on the degradation of amino compounds in the sediment. Total organic carbon concentrations (TOC) of the investigated sediment samples range from 0.9% to 8.7%, and total nitrogen concentrations (TN) from 0.1% to 0.5%. Up to 4.9% of the TOC is contributed by hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA) which are present in amounts between 1.1 and 21.3 µmol/g dry sediment and decrease strongly downhole. Hydrolyzable carbohydrates (THCHO) were found in concentrations from 1.3 to 6.6 ?mol/g sediment constituting between 0.1% and 2.0% of the TOC. Differences between the distribution patterns of monomers in Sites 723 and 724 indicate higher terrigenous influence for Site 724 and, furthermore, enhanced input of organic matter that is relatively resistant to microbial degradation. Lithologically distinct facies close to the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary yield different organic matter compositions. Laminated horizons seem to correspond with enhanced amounts of biogenic siliceous material and minor microbiological degradation. Total amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in pore waters vary between 11 and 131 mg/L. Concentrations of DOC as well as of dissolved amino compounds and carbohydrates appear to be related to microbial activity and/or associated redox zones and not so much to the abundance of organic matter in the sediments. Distributions of amino acids and monosaccharides in pore waters show a general enrichment in relatively stable components in comparison to those of the sediments. Nevertheless, the same trend appears between amino acids present in the sediments from Sites 723 and 724 as well as between amino acids in pore waters from these two sites, indicating a direct relation between the dissolved and the sedimentary organic fractions. Different ammonia concentrations in the pore waters of Sites 723 and 724 seem to be related to enhanced release of ammonia from degradation of amino compounds in Site 723.