Benthic foraminifera of cores from ODP Leg 117

The relative abundances of benthic foraminifers from the Oman margin have been analyzed from ODP Sites 725 and 726 near the upper boundary of the oxygen-minimum zone (OMZ) and 728 near the lower boundary. The relative abundance pattern of the benthic foraminiferal species in the two shallow sites show synchronous changes, which, together with variations in the faunal composition, may be attributed to changes in the location of the upper boundary of the OMZ during the last 7 million years. At the deeper site, the relative abundance pattern shows considerable variation in the faunal composition during the last 8 million years. The strong dominance of the shallow-water species Ammonia beccarii during the early Pliocene at Site 728 suggests a water depth less than 400 m during the early Pliocene and subsequent subsidence during the middle and late Pliocene to the present > 1400 m water depth.

Pollen analysis of ODP Hole 117-720A (Appendix B)

Pollen analytical studies of the ODP Site 720 cores revealed the wide development of the coniferous forest, which mainly composed by Pinus, Picea, Abies and Cedrus deodara, along the Indus river since the early Pleistocene.