Globale räumlich-zeitliche Klimavariabilität im Holozän (GHOST) [Global Holocene Spatial and Temporal Climate Variability]

Verbindung mariner Paläotemperatur-Kurven mit dreidimensionaler, gekoppelter Atmosphäre-Ozean Modellierung [Integrating marine multiproxy temperature estimates and three-dimensional coupled atmosphere/ocean modelling] Das Projekt war ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung des Klimas des Holozäns. Es basierte auf zwei Standbeinen: Der Heranziehung von weltweit verfügbaren, unbearbeiteten, aktualisierten und neu zusammengestellten marinen multiproxy Temperaturrekonstruktionen einerseits und der Verwendung von gekoppelten Zirkulationsmodellen für Atmosphäre und Ozean andererseits. Das Modell arbeitete mit relativ geringer Auflösung und Rechenzeit und ist für transiente Simulationen des Paläoklimas angepaßt. Für eine möglichst große globale Abdeckung der Zeitserien von Klimaproxies wurden Sedimentdaten herangezogen, die eine geringe aber dennoch höchstmögliche zeitliche Auflösung im Bereich von 50 bis 200 Jahren besitzen. Sowohl Datenrekonstruktion als auch gekoppelte Klimamodellierung erzeugten dreidimensionale Datensätze, zwei räumliche Dimensionen auf der Erdoberfläche, sowie die Zeit als dritte Dimension. Raumzeitliche Muster wurden im Rahmen des Projektes untersucht. Die eingehende Analyse rekonstruierter wie der Modell-Daten sollte einerseits das Verständnis für Klimaänderungen verbessern, die in Proxydaten gefunden werden und andererseits eine Validierung der Klimavariabilität im Modell ermöglichen. Die Musteranalyse ergab Einblicke in die Mechanismen, die zur Heterogenität von Erwärmung und Abkühlung im Holozän beitragen. Die Weiterführung der Klimasimulationen des Holozäns in die Zukunft der nächsten Jahrhunderte diente einer besseren Abschätzung der zukünftigen Klimaänderung.

Continuous 25-years aerosol records at coastal Antarctica: Part I. Variability and climate implications of ionic compounds

The aerosol climatology at the coastal Antarctic Neumayer Station (NM) was investigated based on continuous, 25-yr long observations of biogenic sulphur components (methanesulfonate and non-sea salt sulphate), sea salt and nitrate. Although significant long-term trends could only be detected for nitrate (-3.6 ± 2.5% per year between 1983 and 1993 and +4.0 ± 3.2% per year from 1993-2007), non-harmonic periodicities between 2 and 5 yr were typical for all species. Dedicated time series analyses revealed that relations to sea ice extent and various circulation indices are weak at best or not significant. In particular, no consistent link between sea ice extent and sea salt loadings was evident suggesting only a rather local relevance of the NM sea salt record. Nevertheless, a higher Southern Annular Mode index tended to entail a lower biogenic sulphur signal. In examining the spatial uniformity of the NM findings we contrasted them to respective 17 yr records from the coastal Dumont d'Urville Station. We found similar long-term trends for nitrate, indicating an Antarctic-wide but not identifiable atmospheric signal, although any significant impact of solar activity or pollution could be ruled out. No inter-site variability on the multiannual scale was evident for the other ionic compounds.

Spatial distribution of isotopic compositions of Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dex.) and the faunal assemblages of planktic foraminifera in surface sediment samples along the Chilean continental slope between 23°S and 44°S

We report on the spatial distribution of isotopic compositions of the two planktic foraminifera species Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dex.), and the faunal assemblages of planktic foraminifera in 91 surface sediment samples along the Chilean continental slope between 23°S and 44°S. Both d13C and d18O data of N. pachyderma (dex.) show little variability in the study area. North of 39°S, the isotopic values of N. pachyderma (dex.) are heavier than those of G. bulloides, whereas south of 39°S, this relation inverses. This is indicative for a change from a well-mixed, deep thermocline caused by coastal upwelling north of 39°S to well-stratified water masses in a non-upwelling environment south of 39°S. In addition, the faunal composition of planktic foraminifera marks this change by transition from an upwelling assemblage north of 39°S to a high-nutrient-non-upwelling assemblage south of 39°S, which is characterized by decreased contributions of upwelling indicators such as G. bulloides, N. pachyderma (sin.), and Globigerinita glutinata. In general, we can conclude that food and light rather than temperature are the primary control of the planktic foraminiferal assemblage between 23°S and 44°S off Chile. Our data point to higher marine productivity at upwelling centers north of 25°S and at 30-33°S. South of 39°S, significant supply of nutrients by fluvial input most likely boosts the productivity.

Adaptive variability to low-pH river discharges in Acartia tonsa and stress responses to high PCO2 conditions

Environmental transitions leading to spatial physical-chemical gradients are of ecological and evolutionary interest because they are able to induce variations in phenotypic plasticity. Thus, the adaptive variability to low-pH river discharges may drive divergent stress responses [ingestion rates (IR) and expression of stress-related genes such as Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Ferritin] in the neritic copepod Acartia tonsa facing changes in the marine chemistry associated to ocean acidification (OA). These responses were tested in copepod populations inhabiting two environments with contrasting carbonate system parameters (an estuarine versus coastal area) in the Southern Pacific Ocean, and assessing an in situ and 96-h experimental incubation under conditions of high pressure of CO2 (PCO2 1200 ppm). Adaptive variability was a determining factor in driving variability of copepods' responses. Thus, the food-rich but colder and corrosive estuary induced a traits trade-off expressed as depressed IR under in situ conditions. However, this experience allowed these copepods to tolerate further exposure to high PCO2 levels better, as their IRs were on average 43% higher than those of the coastal individuals. Indeed, expression of both the Hsp70 and Ferritin genes in coastal copepods was significantly higher after acclimation to high PCO2 conditions. Along with other recent evidence, our findings confirm that adaptation to local fluctuations in seawater pH seems to play a significant role in the response of planktonic populations to OA-associated conditions. Facing the environmental threat represented by the inter-play between multiple drivers of climate change, this biological feature should be examined in detail as a potential tool for risk mitigation policies in coastal management arrangements.