Geochemistry of Pleistocene volcanic rocks in the Mariana Forearc

Geophysical surveys of the Mariana forearc, in an area equidistant from the Mariana Trench and the active Mariana Island Arc, revealed a 40-m-deep graben about 13 km northwest of Conical Seamount, a serpentine mud volcano. The graben and its bounding horst blocks are part of a fault zone that strikes northwest-southeast beneath Conical Seamount. One horst block was drilled during Leg 125 of the Ocean Drilling Program (Site 781). Three lithologic units were recovered at Site 781: an upper sedimentary unit, a middle basalt unit, and a lower sedimentary unit. The upper unit, between 0 and 72 mbsf, consists of upper Pliocene to Holocene diatomaceous and radiolarian-bearing silty clay that grades down into vitric silty clay and vitric clayey silt. The middle unit is a Pleistocene vesicular, porphyritic basalt, the top of which corresponds to a high-amplitude reflection on the reflection profiles. The lower unit is a middle to upper (and possibly some lower) Pliocene vitric silty clay and vitric clayey silt similar to the lower part of the upper unit. The thickness of the basalt unit can only be estimated to be between 13 and 25 m because of poor core recovery (28% to 55%). The absence of internal flow structures and the presence of an upper glassy chilled zone and a lower, fine-grained margin suggest that the basalt unit is either a single lava flow or a near-surface sill. The basalt consists of plagioclase phenocrysts with subordinate augite and olivine phenocrysts and of plagioclase-augite-olivine glomerocrysts in a groundmass of plagioclase, augite, olivine, and glass. The basalt is an island arc tholeiite enriched in large-ion-lithophile elements relative to high-field-strength elements, similar to the submarine lavas of the southern arc seamounts. In contrast, volcanic rocks from the active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrigan islands, 100 km to the west of the drill site, are calc-alkaline. The basalt layer, the youngest in-situ igneous layer reported from the Izu-Bonin and Mariana forearcs, is enigmatic because of its location more than 100 km from the active volcanic arc. The sediment layers above and below the basalt unit are late Pliocene in age (about 2.5 Ma) and normally magnetized. The basalt has schlierenlike structures, reverse magnetization, and a K-Ar age of 1.68±0.37 Ma. Thus, the basalt layer is probably a sill fed by magma intruded along a fault zone bounding the horst and graben in the forearc. The geochemistry of the basalt is consistent with a magma source similar to that of the active island arc and from a mantle source above the subducting Pacific plate.

Geochemistry of selected minerals at DSDP Leg 65 Holes

The majority of the basalts drilled on Leg 65 in the Gulf of California are aphyric to sparsely phyric massive flows ranging in average thickness between 5 meters in the upper part of the sections in Holes 483 and 483B, where they are interlayered with sediment, and 14 meters in Hole 485A, where interlayered sediments constitute more than half of the section. Massive flows interlayered with pillows are generally less than 4 meters thick. The pillow lavas recovered are more phyric (up to 15 modal%) and contain two to three generations of plagioclase and olivine ± clinopyroxene. Plagioclase generally exceeds 60% of any given phenocryst assemblage. Resorbed olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase megacrysts may reflect a high-pressure stage, the phenocrysts crystallizing in the main magma chamber and the skeletal microphenocrysts in dikes. Precise measurements of length/width ratios of different phenocryst types and compositions show low aspect ratios and large crystal volumes for early crystals and high ratios and low volumes for late crystals grown under strong undercooling conditions. The minerals examined show wide ranges in composition: in particular, plagioclase ranges from An92 to An36; clinopyroxene ranges from Ca41Mg51Fe8 in the cores of phenocrysts to Ca40**36 Mg45**49Fe15**20 in the groundmass; and olivine ranges from Fo86 to Fo81. The wide range in mineral compositions, together with evidence of disequilibrium based on textures and comparisons of glass and mineral compositions, indicate complex crystallization histories involving both polybaric crystal fractionation and magma mixing.

Geochemistry of basalts at DSDP Leg 73 Holes

During Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 73 (South Atlantic), basaltic pillow lava, flows, and sills were encountered in Holes 519A, 520, 522B, and 524. Paleomagnetic data indicate that the basalts from Holes 519A (magnetic Anomaly 51) and 522B (Anomaly 16) have ages of about 12 m.y. and about 38 m.y., respectively. The major- and trace- (including rare-earth-) element characteristics of the Hole 519A basalts (a total of 27 m) demonstrate that these basalts are typical normal-type mid-ocean-ridge basalts (N-type MORB). In composition the basalts overlap olivine tholeiites from other normal Mid-Atlantic Ridge segments. Both the spectra of incompatible, or less-hygromagmatophile elements (such as Ti, V, Y, and Zr) and REE abundances indicate that these basalts are the result of a low-pressure fractionation of olivine, spinel, and Plagioclase prior to eruption. In Hole 520 only 1.7 m of basalt were recovered from a total drilling depth of 10.5 m. These pillow basalts crystallized from fairly evolved (N-type MORB) tholeiitic melts. In total, 19 m of basaltic pillow lavas and flows were penetrated in Hole 522B. Thirteen cooling units were distinguished on the basis of glassy margins and fine quench textures. In contrast to Holes 519A and 520, the basalts of the Hole 522B ridge section can be divided into two major groups of tholeiites: (1) Cooling Units 1 through 12 and (2) Cooling Unit 13. The basalts in this ridge section are also N-type MORBs but are generally more differentiated than those of Holes 519A and 520. The lowermost basalts (Cooling Unit 13) have the most primitive composition and make up a compositional group distinct from the more evolved basalts in the twelve units above it. Hole 524 was drilled on the south flank of the Walvis Ridge and thus provided samples from a more complex part of the South Atlantic seafloor. Three different basaltic rock suites, interlayered with volcanic detrital sediments, were encountered. The rock suites are, from top to bottom, an alkali basaltic pillow lava; a 16-m-thick alkaline diabase sill with an age of about 65 m.y. (according to K-Ar dating and planktonic foraminifers); and a second sill that is approximately 9 m thick, about 74 m.y. in age, and tholeiitic in composition, thus contrasting strongly with the overlying alkaline rocks. The alkali basalts of Hole 524 show chemical characteristics that are very similar to the basaltic lavas of the Tristan da Cunha group volcanoes, which are located approximately 400 km east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest. Thus, the Walvis Ridge may plausibly be interpreted as a line of hot-spot alkaline volcanoes.

Geochemistry of ODP Leg 125 peridotites

Ocean Drilling Program Leg 125 recovered serpentined harzburgites and dunites from a total of jive sites on the crests and flanks of two serpen finite seamounts, Conical Seamount in the Mariana forearc and Torishima Forearc Seamount in the Izu-Bonin forearc. These are some of the first extant forearc peridotites reported in the literature and they provide a window into oceanic, supra-subduction zone (SSZ) mantle processes. Harzbutrgites from both seamounts are very refractory with low modal clinopyroxene (<4%), chrome-rich spinels (cx-number = 0.40-0.80), very low incompatible element contents, and (with the exception of amphibole-bearing samples) U-shaped rare earth element (REE) profiles with positive Eu anomalies. Both sets of peridotites have olivine-spinel equilibration temperatures that are low compared with abyssal peridotites, possibly because of water-assisted diffusional equilibration in the SSZ environment However, other features indicate that the harzburgites from the two seamounts have very different origins. Harzburgites from Conical Seamount are characterized by calculated oxygen fugacities between FMQ (fayalite- magnetite- quartz) - 1.1 (log units) and FMQ + 0.4 which overlap those of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) peridotites. Dunites from Conical Seamotmt contain small amounts of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and amphibole and are light REE (LREE) enriched. Moreover; they are considerably more oxidized than the harzburgites to which they are spatially related, with calculated oxygen fugacities of FMQ -0.2 toFMQ + 1.2. Using textural and geochemical evidence, we interpret these harzburgites as residual MORB mantle (from 15 to 20 % fractional melting) which has subsequently been modified by interaction with boninitic melt ivithin the mantle wedge, and these dunites as zones of focusing of this melt in which pyroxene has preferentially been dissolved from the harzbutgite protolith. In contrast, harzburgites from Torishima Forearc Seamount give calculated oxygen fugacities between FMQ + 0.8 and FMQ + l.6, similar to those calculated for other subduction-zone related peridotites and similar to those calculated for the dunites (FMQ + 1.2 to FMQ + 1.8) from the same seamount. In this case, we interpret both the harzburgites and dunites as linked to mantle melting (20-25 % fractional melting) in a supra-subduction zone environment The results thus indicate that the forearc is underlain by at least two types of mantle lithosphere, one being trapped or accreted oceanic lithosphere, the other being lithosphere formed by subduction-related melting. They also demonstrate that both types of mantle lithosphere may have undergone extensive interaction with subduction-derived magmas.

Chemistry of peridotites from ODP Hole 109-670A

Two types of serpentinized peridotites from Hole 670A of Leg 109 were studied in detail. A small piece of relatively unaltered sample, 109-670A-9R-1, #3 (22-24 cm), is olivine websterite characterized by aluminous chromian spinel with Cr/(Cr + Al) ratio of about 0.2. The other minerals have compositions essentially identical with those in more commonly observed serpentinized harzburgite like 109-670A-9R-01, #12 (94-97 cm). The occurrence of pyroxene-rich peridotite with normal harzburgite suggests that small scale heterogeneity in modal compositions exists in the upper mantle beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Low Cr/Al ratios of spinel and pyroxenes of those peridotites indicate that they are relatively less refractory among peridotites ever recovered from the oceanic region. Textures and the estimated equilibration temperatures indicate that peridotites recovered from Hole 670A are recrystallized and reequilibrated at subsolidus temperature. The occurrence of serpentinized peridotites from the rift valley of the active mid-oceanic ridge may suggest that they represent direct exposure of upwelling mantle materials rather than serpentine diapirs.

Geochemistry of ash layers from the Bonin Forearc

Many ash-rich layers, varying from a few millimeters to several centimeters thick, were identified in the sedimentary sequences penetrated during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 125 at Sites 782, 784, and 786, located about 400 to 500 km south of Tokyo in the Bonin forearc. The total age range of the ash layers is from Eocene to Pleistocene, although not all sites cover this full span. The ashes consist of vitric, microlite-bearing, and crystal-rich components; the glassy shards are typically highly vesicular, with elongate, flattened bubbles. The dominant crystalline phases are orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase. The major-element compositions of individual vitric shards collected from selected layers of Holes 782A, 784A, and 786A were determined by electron microprobe analyses; particular care was taken to ensure that the analytical results were not compromised by electron beam damage to the glasses. Compositions range from basalt through andesite and dacite to rhyolite and generally belong to a tholeiitic, low-K suite. There is no indication of any regular secular change during the evolution of the Bonin arc from tholeiitic through calc-alkalic to alkali compositions with time. In Holes 782A and 784A, some high-K rhyolite compositions of late Miocene and Pleistocene age are present. A clear chemical distinction has existed since arc inception between the source(s) of these ashes and the upper mantle source(s) tapped during construction of the igneous basement that formed the forearc.

Chemistry of magmatic samples of ODP Holes 134-832B and 134-833B

New petrographic and compositional data were reported for 143 samples of core recovered from Sites 832 and 833 during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 134. Site 832 is located in the center and Site 833 is on the eastern edge of the North Aoba Basin, in the central part of the New Hebrides Island Arc. This basin is bounded on the east (Espiritu Santo and Malakula islands) and west (Pentecost and Maewo islands) by uplifted volcano-sedimentary ridges associated with collision of the d'Entrecasteaux Zone west of the arc. The currently active Central Belt volcanic front extends through the center of this basin and includes the shield volcanoes of Aoba, Ambrym, and Santa Maria islands. The oldest rocks recovered by drilling are the lithostratigraphic Unit VII Middle Miocene volcanic breccias in Hole 832B. Lava clasts are basaltic to andesitic, and the dominant phenocryst assemblage is plagioclase + augite + orthopyroxene + olivine. These clasts characteristically contain orthopyroxene, and show a low to medium K calc-alkaline differentiation trend. They are tentatively correlated with poorly documented Miocene calc-alkaline lavas and intrusives on adjacent Espiritu Santo Island, although this correlation demands that the measured K-Ar of 5.66 Ma for one clast is too young, due to alteration and Ar loss. Lava clasts in the Hole 832B Pliocene-Pleistocene sequence are mainly ankaramite or augite-rich basalt and basaltic andesite; two of the most evolved andesites have hornblende phenocrysts. These lavas vary from medium- to high-K compositions and are derived from a spectrum of parental magmas for which their LILE and HFSE contents show a broad inverse correlation with SiO2 contents. We hypothesize that this spectrum results from partial melting of an essentially similar mantle source, with the low-SiO2 high HFSE melts derived by lower degrees of partial melting probably at higher pressures than the high SiO2, low HFSE magmas. This same spectrum of compositions occurs on the adjacent Central Chain volcanoes of Aoba and Santa Maria, although the relatively high-HFSE series is known only from Aoba. Late Pliocene to Pleistocene lava breccias in Hole 833B contain volcanic clasts including ankaramite and augite + olivine + plagioclase-phyric basalt and rare hornblende andesite. These clasts are low-K compositions with flat REE patterns and have geochemical affinities quite different from those recovered from the central part of the basin (Hole 832B). Compositionally very similar lavas occur on Merelava volcano, 80 km north of Site 833, which sits on the edge of the juvenile Northern (Jean Charcot) Trough backarc basin that has been rifting the northern part of the New Hebrides Island Arc since 2-3 Ma. The basal sedimentary rocks in Hole 833B are intruded by a series of Middle Pliocene plagioclase + augite +/- olivine-phyric sills with characteristically high-K evolved basalt to andesite compositions, transitional to shoshonite. These are compositionally correlated with, though ~3 m.y. older than, the high-HFSE series described from Aoba. The calc-alkaline clasts in Unit VII of Hole 832B, correlated with similar lavas of Espiritu Santo Island further west, presumably were erupted before subduction polarity reversal perhaps 6-10 Ma. All other samples are younger than subduction reversal and were generated above the currently subduction slab. The preponderance in the North Aoba Basin and adjacent Central Chain islands of relatively high-K basaltic samples, some with transitional alkaline compositions, may reflect a response to collision of the d'Entrecasteaux Zone with the arc some 2-4 Ma. This may have modified the thermal structure of the subduction zone, driving magma generation processes to deeper levels than are present normally along the reminder of the New Hebrides Island Arc.

Petrology and origin of basalts at DSDP Hole 66-487

The volcanism of Central America, according to current theory (Pichler and Weyl, 1973; Stoiber and Carr, 1974; Hey, 1977), is related to the subduction of the Cocos Plate under the North American lithospheric plate and the melting of ocean crust material in the subduction zone (Green and Ringwood, 1968; Dickinson, 1970, Fitton, 1971). Since Cocos Plate subduction occurs at the rate of more than 7 cm/y. (Hey et al., 1977), basalts underlying upper Miocene sediments of the Middle America Trench outer slope, penetrated in Hole 487 (Fig. 1) during Leg 66 (Moore et al., 1979), should have formed far from their present position if current theory is accurate. Present manifestations of basaltic magmatism in adjacent areas of the Pacific derive from the axial part of the East Pacific Rise, the Galapagos spreading center, and transform fracture zones. The question arises: Are there analogs of the Middle America Trench basalts among magmatic cock associated with these modern features, or do the trench basalts have some other origin?