Auxiliary material and basic geochemical and benthic foraminiferal stable isotope data for the interval bracketing Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2) at DSDP Sites 401 and 550 in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean

Ever since its discovery, Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2; ~53.7 Ma) has been considered as one of the "little brothers" of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ~56 Ma) as it displays similar characteristics including abrupt warming, ocean acidification, and biotic shifts. One of the remaining key questions is what effect these lesser climate perturbations had on ocean circulation and ventilation and, ultimately, biotic disruptions. Here we characterize ETM2 sections of the NE Atlantic (Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 401 and 550) using multispecies benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes, grain size analysis, XRF core scanning, and carbonate content. The magnitude of the carbon isotope excursion (0.85-1.10 per mil) and bottom water warming (2-2.5°C) during ETM2 seems slightly smaller than in South Atlantic records. The comparison of the lateral d13C gradient between the North and South Atlantic reveals that a transient circulation switch took place during ETM2, a similar pattern as observed for the PETM. New grain size and published faunal data support this hypothesis by indicating a reduction in deepwater current velocity. Following ETM2, we record a distinct intensification of bottom water currents influencing Atlantic carbonate accumulation and biotic communities, while a dramatic and persistent clay reduction hints at a weakening of the regional hydrological cycle. Our findings highlight the similarities and differences between the PETM and ETM2. Moreover, the heterogeneity of hyperthermal expression emphasizes the need to specifically characterize each hyperthermal event and its background conditions to minimalize artifacts in global climate and carbonate burial models for the early Paleogene.

Temperature and salinity reconstruction for the Last Interglacial Period in the North Atlantic Ocean

Eight deep-sea sediment cores from the North Atlantic Ocean ranging from 31° to 72°N are studied to reconstruct the meridional gradients in surface hydrographic conditions during the interval of minimum ice volume within the last interglacial period. Using benthic foraminiferal ?18O measurements and estimates of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS), we show that summer SSTs and SSSs decreased gradually during the interval of minimum ice volume at high-latitude sites (52°-72°N) whereas they were stable or increased during the same time period at low-latitude sites (31°-41°N). This increase in meridional gradients of SSTs and SSSs may have been due to changes in the latitudinal distribution of summer and annual-average insolation and associated oceanic and atmospheric feedbacks. These trends documented for the Eemian ice volume minimum period are similar to corresponding changes observed during the Holocene and may have had a similar origin.

Cretaceous radiolarians of the North Atlantic Ocean

Radiolarians form a remarkable part of the fossil plankton for Cretaceous sediments of the North Atlantic. Selected sites with long-term sedimentary successions of deep facies were studied (ODP Leg 103 and DSDP Site 398 off northwest Spain and DSDP Site 603 off the east coast of the United States). Preservation of the radiolarian faunas is generally poor, and the faunal abundance and diversity reflect the diagenetic history of the host sediment rather than the original faunal productivity. Several exceptions include abundant and some well-preserved radiolarian faunas from lower Campanian, Cenomanian/Turonian boundary, upper Albian, lower Albian, and Barremian sediments. These increases in radiolarian abundance and preservation coincide with well-established Cretaceous oceanic events in the North Atlantic. Typical faunal associations of these sections are described, and faunal associations from the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Event are documented for the first time in the North Atlantic. The relationship of the radiolarian blooms with coeval oceanic events in the North Atlantic is also discussed.

Geochemistry of Eocene sediments from ODP Site 171-1052 on the Black Nose, Atlantic Ocean

We use an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Core Scanner to obtain records of elemental concentrations in sediment cores from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 171B, Site 1052 (Blake Nose, Atlantic margin of northern Florida).This record spans the Middle to Late Eocene, as indicated by bio- and magnetostratigraphy, and displays cyclicity that can be attributed to the orbital forcing of a combination of climate, ocean circulation, or productivity. We use the XRF counts of iron and calcium as a proxy of the relative contribution from calcium carbonate and terrestrial material to construct a new composite depth record. This new composite depth record provides the basis to extend the astronomically calibrated geological time scale into the Middle Eocene and results in revised estimates for the age and duration of magnetochrons C16 through C18. In addition, we find an apparent change in the dominance of orbitally driven changes in obliquity and climatic precession at around 36.7 Ma on our new time scale. Long term amplitude modulation patterns of eccentricity and obliquity in the data do not seem to match the current astronomical model any more, suggesting the possibility of new constraints on astronomical calculations.