Layer-cake, anoxia, and other myths: A new look at the Devonian-Mississippian Bakken Formation Reservoir, Williston Basin, North Dakota

The Upper Devonian-Mississippian Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin is one of the most prolific onshore petroleum systems in the continental U.S., consisting of a middle carbonate-siliciclastic member sandwiched between two organic-rich units, the Lower and Upper Bakken shales. Dr. Egenhoff discusses the formation’s surprising departures from standard stratigraphy models and depositional models which contribute to its unique characteristics.

Arsenic Geochemitry in Warm Spring Ponds: New Field and Experimental Results

Silver Bow Creek (SBC) flows into the Warm Springs Ponds Operable Unit (WSPOU), where various containment cells are used to precipitate copper and other metals (e.g., Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn). Lime is added seasonally to increase the pH and assist in removal of metals from the water column. Although the WSPOU is effective at removing copper and other cationic trace metals, concentrations of dissolved arsenic exiting the facility are often above the site specific standard, 20 20 ug/L, during low-flow periods each summer and fall. This thesis is a continuation of arsenic geochemistry studies by Montana Tech in the WSPOU. Field work focused on Pond 3, the largest and first in the series of treatment ponds. Shallow groundwater was sampled from 8 PVC piezometers located near the south end of Pond 3. Three sediment pore-water diffusion samplers (“peepers”) were also deployed at the south end of Pond 3 to examine vertical gradients in chemistry in the top 25 cm of the pond sediment. In general, the pH and Eh values of the shallow groundwater and sediment pore-water were less than in the pond water. Concentrations of arsenic were generally higher in subsurface water, and tended to pass through a maximum (up to 530 g/L) about 10 cm below the sediment-water interface. In the peeper cells, there was a strong positive correlation between dissolved As and dissolved Fe, and an inverse correlation with sulfate. Therefore, the zone of arsenic release corresponds to a zone of bacterial Fe and sulfate reduction in the shallow, organic-rich sediment. Redox speciation of arsenic shows that arsenate (As(V)) is dominant in the pond, and arsenite (As(III)) is dominant in the subsurface water. A series of laboratory experiments with pH adjustment were completed using SBC water collected near the inlet to the WSPOU as well as water and shallow sediment collected from Pond 3. Water ± sediment mesocosms were set up in 1-L Nalgene bottles (closed system) or a 20-L aquarium (open system), both with continuous stirring. The pH of the mesocosm was adjusted by addition of NaOH or HNO3 acid. The closed system provided better pH control since the water was not in contact with the atmosphere, which prevented exchange of carbon dioxide. In both the closed and open systems, dissolved arsenic concentrations either decreased or stayed roughly the same with increase in pH to values > 11. Therefore, the release of dissolved As into the treatment ponds in low-flow periods is not due to changes in pH alone. All of these results support the hypothesis that the arsenic release in WSPOU is linked to microbial reduction of ferric oxide minerals in the organic-rich sediment. Upwards diffusion of dissolved As from the sediment pore-water into the pond water is the most likely explanation for the increase in As concentration of the WSPOU in low-flow periods.