Development of a direct evaporation bismuth Hall thruster

Hall thrusters have been under active development around the world since the 1960’s. Thrusters using traditional propellants such as xenon have been flown on a variety of satellite orbit raising and maintenance missions with an excellent record. To expand the mission envelope, it is necessary to lower the specific impulse of the thrusters but xenon and krypton are poor performers at specific impulses below 1,200 seconds. To enhance low specific impulse performance, this dissertation examines the development of a Hall-effect thruster which uses bismuth as a propellant. Bismuth, the heaviest non-radioactive element, holds many advantages over noble gas propellants from an energetics as well as a practical economic standpoint. Low ionization energy, large electron-impact crosssection and high atomic mass make bismuth ideal for low-specific impulse applications. The primary disadvantage lies in the high temperatures which are required to generate the bismuth vapors. Previous efforts carried out in the Soviet Union relied upon the complete bismuth vaporization and gas phase delivery to the anode. While this proved successful, the power required to vaporize and maintain gas phase throughout the mass flow system quickly removed many of the efficiency gains expected from using bismuth. To solve these problems, a unique method of delivering liquid bismuth to the anode has been developed. Bismuth is contained within a hollow anode reservoir that is capped by a porous metallic disc. By utilizing the inherent waste heat generated in a Hall thruster, liquid bismuth is evaporated and the vapors pass through the porous disc into the discharge chamber. Due to the high temperatures and material compatibility requirements, the anode was fabricated out of pure molybdenum. The porous vaporizer was not available commercially so a method of creating a refractory porous plate with 40-50% open porosity was developed. Molybdenum also does not respond well to most forms of welding so a diffusion bonding process was also developed to join the molybdenum porous disc to the molybdenum anode. Operation of the direct evaporation bismuth Hall thruster revealed interesting phenomenon. By utilizing constant current mode on a discharge power supply, the discharge voltage settles out to a stable operating point which is a function of discharge current, anode face area and average pore size on the vaporizer. Oscillations with a 40 second period were also observed. Preliminary performance data suggests that the direct evaporation bismuth Hall thruster performs similar to xenon and krypton Hall thrusters. Plume interrogation with a Retarding Potential Analyzer confirmed that bismuth ions were being efficiently accelerated while Faraday probe data gave a view of the ion density in the exhausted plume.

Metal-oxide film and photonic structures for integrated device applications

The application of photonic crystal technology on metal-oxide film is a very promising field for future optical telecommunication systems. Band gap and polarization effects in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) photonic crystals and bismuth-substituted iron garnets (BiYIG) photonic crystals are investigated in this work reported here. The design and fabrication process are similar for these two materials while the applications are different, involving Bragg filtering in lithium niobate and polarization rotation in nonreciprocal iron garnets. The research of photonic structures in LiNbO3 is of high interest for integrated device application due to its remarkable electro-optical characteristics. This work investigated the photonic band gap in high quality LiNbO3 single crystalline thin film by ion implantation to realize high efficiency narrow bandwidth filters. LiNbO3 thin film detachment by bonding is also demonstrated for optical device integration. One-dimensional Bragg BiYIG waveguides in gyrotropic system are found to have multiple stopbands and evince enhancement of polarization rotation efficiency. Previous photon trapping theory cannot explain the phenomena because of the presence of linear birefringence. This work is aimed at investigating the mechanism with the support of experiments. The results we obtained show that selective suppression of Bloch states in gyrotropic bandgaps is the key mechanism for the observed phenomena. Finally, the research of ferroelectric single crystal PMN-PT with ultra high piezoelectric coefficient as a biosensor is also reported. This work presents an investigation and results on higher sensitivity effects than conventional materials such as quartz and lithium niobate.