Effect Of Confined Impinging Jet Mixing Processing Parameters On Poly (Lactic Acid) Nanoparticle Morphology

Biodegradable nanoparticles are at the forefront of drug delivery research as they provide numerous advantages over traditional drug delivery methods. An important factor affecting the ability of nanoparticles to circulate within the blood stream and interact with cells is their morphology. In this study a novel processing method, confined impinging jet mixing, was used to form poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles through a solvent-diffusion process with Pluronic F-127 being used as a stabilizing agent. This study focused on the effects of Reynolds number (flow rate), surfactant presence in mixing, and polymer concentration on the morphology of poly (lactic acid) nanoparticles. In addition to looking at the parameters affecting poly (lactic acid) morphology, this study attempted to improve nanoparticle isolation and purification methods to increase nanoparticle yield and ensure specific morphologies were not being excluded during isolation and purification. The isolation and purification methods used in this study were centrifugation and a stir cell. This study successfully produced particles having pyramidal and cubic morphologies. Despite successful production of these morphologies the yield of non-spherical particles was very low, additionally great variability existed between redundant trails. Surfactant was determined to be very important for the stabilization of nanoparticles in solution but appears to be unnecessary for the formation of nanoparticles. Isolation and purification methods that produce a high yield of surfactant free particles have still not been perfected and additional testing will be necessary for improvement.¿

Investigation Of Leucine And Glutamic Acid Properties From The Nanoscale To The Macroscale

Aerosols are known to have important effects on climate, the atmosphere, and human health. The extent of those effects is unknown and largely depend on the interaction of aerosols with water in the atmosphere. Ambient aerosols are complex mixtures of both inorganic and organic compounds. The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities, hygroscopic behavior and particle morphology of a monocarboxylic amino acid (leucine) and a dicarboxylic amino acid (glutamic acid) were investigated. Activation diameters at various supersaturation conditions were experimentally determined and compared with Köhler theoretical values. The theory accounts for both surface tension and the limited solubility of organic compounds. It was discovered that glutamic acid aerosols readily took on water both when relative humidity was less than 100% and when the supersaturation condition was reached, while leucine did not show any water activation at those conditions. Moreover, the study also suggests that Köhler theory describes CCN activity of organic compounds well when only surface tension of the compound is taken into account and complete solubility is assumed. Single parameter ¿ was also computed using both CCN data and hygroscopic growth factor (GF). The results of ¿ range from 0.17 to 0.53 using CCN data and 0.09 to 0.2 using GFs. Finally, the study suggests that during the water-evaporation/particle-nucleation process, crystallization from solution droplets takes place at different locations: for glutamic acid at the particles¿ center and leucine at the particles¿ boundary.

Scale Up of PLA Nanoparticle Synthesis by Solvent Displacement and Functionalization of the Particles with a Silica Shell for Targeted Drug Delivery Applications

Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles have the properties necessary to address many of the issues associated with current drug delivery techniques including targeted and controlled delivery. A novel drug delivery vehicle is proposed consisting of a poly(lactic acid) nanoparticle core, with a functionalized, mesoporous silica shell. In this study, the production of PLA nanoparticles is investigated using solvent displacement in both a batch and continuous manner, and the effects of various system parameters are examined. Using Pluronic F-127 as the stabilization agent throughout the study, PLA nanoparticles are produced through solvent displacement with diameters ranging from 200 to 250 nm using two different methods: dropwise addition and in an impinging jet mixer. The impinging jet mixer allows for easy scale-up of particle production. The concentration of surfactant and volume of quench solution is found to have minimal impact on particle diameter; however, the concentration of PLA is found to significantly impact the diameter mean and polydispersity. In addition, the stability of the PLA nanoparticles is observed to increase as residual THF is evaporated. Lastly, the isolated PLA nanoparticles are coated with a silica shell using the Stöber Process. It is found that functionalizing the silica with a phosphonic silane in the presence of excess Pluronic F-127 decreases coalescence of the particles during the coating process. Future work should be conducted to fine-tune the PLA nanoparticle synthesis process by understanding the effect of other system parameters and in synthesizing mesoporous silica shells.

The Investigation of Uniform, Monodisperse Crystalline Particles via the Evaporation of Small Droplets

Many industrial solids processes require the production of disperse particles. In industries such as food, personal care, and pharmaceuticals, particle formation is widely used to produce solid products or to separate substances in intermediate process steps. The most important characteristics known to impact the effectiveness of a solid product are purity, size, internal structure, and morphology. These characteristics are essential to maintain optimal operation of subsequent process steps and for obtaining the desired high quality product. This thesis aims to aid in the advancement of particle production technology by (1) investigating the use of a vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG) for collecting data to predict particle attributes including morphology, size, and internal structure as a function of processing parameters such as solvent, solution concentration, air flow rate, and initial droplet size, as well as to (2) determine the extent to which uniform droplet evaporation can be a tool to achieve novel particle morphologies, controlled sizes, or internal structures (crystallinity and crystal form). Experimental results for succinic acid, L-serine, and L-glutamic acid suggest that particles of controlled characteristics can indeed be produced by this method. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nanoindentation, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that various sizes, internal structures, and morphologies can be obtained using the VOAG. Furthermore, unique morphologies and unexpected internal structures were able to be achieved for succinic acid, providing an added benefit to particle formation by this method.