Angiotensin Ii As A General Growth Factor

Angiotensin II (Ang II), a key protein in the renin-angiotensin system, can induce cardiac hypertrophy through an intracrine system as well as affect gene transcription. The receptor to Ang II responsible for this effect, AT1, has been localized to the nucleus of cell types in addition to cardiomyocytes. In this study, we induced expression of Ang II in MC3T3 osteoblasts and K7M2 osteosarcomas and measured changes in protein expression of Annexin V and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), proteins identified previously through mass spectrometry analysis as being regulated by Ang II. Annexin V is downregulated in both immortalized murine bone (MC3T3) cells and in cancerous immortalized murine (K7M2) cells induced to express Ang II. MC3T3 cells which express Ang II show a downregulation of MMP2 expression, but Ang II-expressing K7M2 cells show an upregulation of MMP2. The differential regulation of MMP2 between the cancerous cells and noncancerous cells implicates a role for Ang in in tumor metastasis, as MMP2 is a metastatic protein. Annexin V is used as a marker for apoptosis, but nothing is known of the function of the endogenous protein. That Annexin V is potentially regulated by Ang II provides more information with which to characterize the protein and could suggest a function for Annexin V as part of a signal transduction pathway inside of the cell.

Crystallization of Escherichia coli Catabolite Gene Activator Protein with its DNA Binding Site: The use of Modular DNA

To obtain crystals of the Escherichia coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) complexed with its DNA-binding site, we have searched for crystallization conditions with 26 different DNA segments ≥28 base-pairs in length that explore a variety of nucleotide sequences, lengths, and extended 5′ or 3′ termini. In addition to utilizing uninterrupted asymmetric lac site sequences, we devised a novel approach of synthesizing half-sites that allowed us to efficiently generate symmetric DNA segments with a wide variety of extended termini and lengths in the large size range (≥28 bp) required by this protein. We report three crystal forms that are suitable for X-ray analysis, one of which (crystal form III) gives measurable diffraction amplitudes to 3 Å resolution. Additives such as calcium, n-octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and spermine produce modest improvements in the quality of diffraction from crystal form III. Adequate stabilization of crystal form III is unexpectedly complex, requiring a greater than tenfold reduction in the salt concentration followed by addition of 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol and then an increase in the concentration of polyethylene glycol.