"...all diese fingierten, notierten, in meinem Kopf ungefähr wieder zusammengesetzten Ichs". Autobiographie und Autofiktion

Dass jede literarische Selbstdarstellung fiktionale Elemente beinhaltet, ist in der gegenwärtigen Autobiographie-Diskussion unbestritten. Mit dem von Serge Doubrovsky geprägten Terminus »Autofiktion« hat sich die Forschung verstärkt literarischen Texten zugewendet, die fiktionales und faktuales Erzählen der eigenen Biographie mehr oder minder offensichtlich vermischen und so die Problematik literarischer Selbstthematisierung reflektieren. Ausgehend von der theoretischen Diskussion um Autobiographie und Autofiktion werden Texte und Textentwürfe von Robert Walser, Annemarie Schwarzenbach, Paul Nizon, Friedrich Dürrenmatt und Urs Widmer mit ihren je eigenen und nicht selten eigenwilligen Konzepten des literarischen Umgangs mit der Biographie untersucht. Mit Beiträgen von Peter Gasser, Wolfram Groddeck, Lucas Marco Gisi, Heidy Margrit Müller, Ulrich Weber, Reto Sorg, Elio Pellin und Irmgard Wirtz.

Antimicrobial effects of murine mesenchymal stromal cells directed against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum: role of immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs).

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have a multilineage differentiation potential and provide immunosuppressive and antimicrobial functions. Murine as well as human MSCs restrict the proliferation of T cells. However, species-specific differences in the underlying molecular mechanisms have been described. Here, we analyzed the antiparasitic effector mechanisms active in murine MSCs. Murine MSCs, in contrast to human MSCs, could not restrict the growth of a highly virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii (BK) after stimulation with IFN-γ. However, the growth of a type II strain of T. gondii (ME49) was strongly inhibited by IFN-γ-activated murine MSCs. Immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) as well as guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) contributed to this antiparasitic effect. Further analysis showed that IFN-γ-activated mMSCs also inhibit the growth of Neospora caninum, a parasite belonging to the apicomplexan group as well. Detailed studies with murine IFN-γ-activated MSC indicated an involvement in IRGs like Irga6, Irgb6 and Irgd in the inhibition of N. caninum. Additional data showed that, furthermore, GBPs like mGBP1 and mGBP2 could have played a role in the anti-N. caninum effect of murine MSCs. These data underline that MSCs, in addition to their regenerative and immunosuppressive activity, function as antiparasitic effector cells as well. However, IRGs are not present in the human genome, indicating a species-specific difference in anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum effect between human and murine MSCs.

Understanding deforestation and forest fragmentation from a livelihood perspective

Worldwide, forests provide a wide variety of resources to rural inhabitants, and especially to the poor. In Madagascar, forest resources make important contributions to the livelihoods of the rural population living at the edges of these forests. Although people benefit from forest resources, forests are continuously cleared and converted into arable land. Despite long-term efforts on the part of researchers, development cooperation projects and government, Madagascar has not been able to achieve a fundamental decrease in deforestation. The question of why deforestation continues in spite of such efforts remains. To answer this question, we aimed at understanding deforestation and forest fragmentation from the perspective of rural households in the Manompana corridor on the east coast. Applying a sustainable livelihood approach, we explored local social-ecological systems to understand: (i) how livelihood strategies leading to deforestation evolve and (ii) how the decrease of forest impacts on households' strategies. Results highlight the complexity of the environmental, cultural and political context in which households’ decision-making takes place. Further, we found crucial impacts of deforestation and forest fragmentation on livelihood systems, but also recognized that people have been able to adapt to the changing landscapes without major impacts on their welfare.