"Coaching soccer is a man’s job!" – The influence of gender stereotypes on structures for recruiting female coaches in soccer clubs

Statistics published by the German Football Association indicate that women are significantly under-represented amongst soccer coaches, especially in the amateur leagues. In this paper we analyse how gender stereotypes influence the structural conditions surrounding the recruitment of coaches to soccer clubs that contribute to the exclusion of women from coaching positions. A qualitative study of five selected soccer clubs which are members of a German regional soccer association reveals that informal and personal decision-making practices still play a fundamental role in the recruitment of coaches. These practices undermine formal guidelines and give disproportionate weight to stereotyped preferences in the recruitment of soccer coaches. In this context, decision-makers' (functionaries') professed support of women largely serves a symbolic purpose and creates an illusion of equality concerning decisions that have already been taken at an informal level.

Balancing Control and Coaching in CSO Governance : A Paradox Perspective on Board Behavior

How can governance of civil society organizations be conceptualized more adequately by accounting for the dual and simultaneous requirements of controlling and coaching in board behavior? Empirically, we seem to agree that effective governance of a civil society organization is crucial to its sustained viability. Conceptually, however, we observe a lack of consensus on how to best conceptualize CSO governance. By critically juxtaposing two major theoretical lenses to conceptualize governance, namely agency and stewardship theory, we identify a number of challenges conceptualizing board-management relations that deserve our attention. While agency theory privileges controlling behavior, stewardship theory emphasizes the coaching behavior of boards. The purpose of this paper is to offer a concept of governance that is informed by a paradox perspective advancing a subtler, more adequate conceptualization of board governance that accounts for the often conflicting demands on CSO governance. Drawing on a longitudinal interpretive case study, we exemplify our propositions empirically. The paper concludes with discussing the implications of our argument for CSO governance research and practice.

Moderne Personalentwicklung. Mitarbeiterpotentiale erkennen, entwickeln und fördern

Anerkannte Wissenschaftler und Praktiker untersuchen moderne Formen und Perspektiven der Personalentwicklung. Fragen zu Performance Managements, Feedbacksystemen, Coaching, Mentoring, E-Learning und Blended Learning, alternativen Laufbahnmodellen und vielen weiteren Aspekten der modernen Personalentwicklung werden fundiert und praxisorientiert beantwortet.

Lebensmitte. Krisenzeit - Beratungszeit?

Das mittlere Lebensalter ist in vielerlei Hinsicht ein kritisches Lebensalter. Doch was zeichnet dieses Alter eigentlich aus? Und weshalb ist es aus Beratungssicht wichtig, sich mit diesem Lebensalter auseinanderzusetzen?

An exploratory study about the perception and justification of violence in Mixed Martial Arts and kickboxing athletes

THE INFLUENCE of combat sport practice on behaviour, attitude, personality and other factors was, and still remains, a research topic of great interest as well as conflicting points of view. Findings are as yet inconclusive since a direct or causal effect is difficult to establish and other factors external to the individual, such as the instructor’s coaching style, also need to be taken into consideration. Furthermore, the wide range of disciplines pertaining to the category combat sports differ from each other on a number of characteristics, such as the extent of physical contact or competition rules, and in fact, attempts have been made to distinguish between various sub-types (e.g. Trulson, 1986). A common distinction made is that between the traditional martial arts, which place emphasis on the art’s philosophy, its traditions and hierarchy (e.g. traditional karate, aikido) and the modern (or Western) combat sports (e.g. boxing, Mixed Martial Arts). An ongoing debate exists about the potential positive and/or negative influence of combat sport practice in comparison to other sport disciplines that do not include this element of fighting and direct aggression. On the one hand, combat sports have been presented by some researchers and sport practitioners as a means of promoting positive social and individual behavior, such as in Theeboom, De Knop and Wylleman’s (2008) evaluation of a martial arts Programme for socially disadvantaged youths in Belgium. Results revealed a positive effect of this project; however, it also highlighted the crucial role played by the instructors or leaders of such programmes. In another intervention using martial arts, Trulson (1986) reported a positive effect of a six month traditional martial art (Korean Tae Kwon Do) intervention with male juvenile delinquents including a reduction in aggressiveness and anxiety, thus confirming the positive influence of such an activity. Nevertheless, this effect was not observed in the other group participating in a modern Adaptation of this martial art led by the same instructor, where the philosophical aspect of this discipline was not emphasised. Moreover, an opposite effect was ascertained in this case where an increased tendency towards delinquency was reported. These results support the distinction between the various types of combat sports together with the way this sport is presented and taught by the instructor.

Aufbau eines strukturierten Auswahlverfahrens für Schauspielpatienten

Einleitung In unserer Institution sind die Anforderungen an Schauspielpatienten (SPs) seit 2010 stetig angestiegen(Guttormsen et al., 2013). Zudem stieg auch die Zahl der benötigten SPs insgesamt, so dass wir uns entschieden ein effektives Aufnahmeverfahren gemäss professioneller Qualitätskriterien (Wallace, 2007) zu gestalten. Methoden Seit 2012 organisieren wir 2 x jährlich eine Informations-Veranstaltung für interessierte Bewerber. In einem ersten Teil wird über die Einsätze von SPs informiert und die Rahmenbedingungen dargelegt. In einem zweiten Teil werden Improvisationsübungen in Gruppen, zu zweit oder einzeln durchgeführt. Die SP-Trainer beobachten das Spiel. Zusätzlich wird die Performance gefilmt. Alle Interessierten müssen sich nach dieser 2-stündigen Veranstaltung für 2 weitere Einzeltermine einschreiben: 1. Spielen eines OSCE-Falles (mit SP-Trainer) 2. Körperliche Untersuchung (mit Arzt). Anschliessend wird im Team entschieden, ob alle Voraussetzungen in Bezug auf Teamfähigkeit/Zuverlässigkeit, schauspielerische Fertigkeiten, körperliche Merkmale für eine Anstellung erfüllt sind. Ergebnisse Mit der Einführung dieses strukturierten Auswahlverfahrens haben wir folgendes erreicht: die ausgewählten SPs passen sehr gut in das Team und erfordern weniger organisatorischen Aufwand. Die Rollen können exakter auf das Profil der jeweiligen SPs abgestimmt werden (insbes. durch die körperliche Untersuchung).  Mit der Informationsveranstaltung für die Gruppe wird der zeitliche Aufwand für die Information der SPs gegenüber reinen Einzelinterviews gesenkt (50%), trotzdem können durch die Einzeltermine detaillierte Informationen erhoben werden. Diskussion Seit der Neustrukturierung des Auswahlverfahrens entsprechen die gewählten SPs deutlich besser unserem Anforderungsprofil. In Zukunft planen wir das Anforderungsprofil schriftlich zu dokumentieren und zu veröffentlichen, um das Verfahren transparent zu machen. Literatur: [1] Guttormsen, S., C. Beyeler, R. Bonvin, S. Feller, C. Schirlo, K. Schnabel, T. Schurter, and C. Berendonk. 2013. The new licencing examination for human medicine: from concept to implementation. Swiss Med Wkly 143:w13897. [2] Wallace, P. 2007. Coaching Standardized Patients for Use in the Assessment of Clinical Competence. Springer Publishing Company, New York