Selective uptake, distribution, and redistribution of Cd-109, Co-57, Zn-65, Ni-63, and Cs-134 via xylem and phloem in the heavy metal hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L

The focus of this article was to explore the translocation of Cd-109, Co-57, Zn-65, Ni-63, and Cs-134 via xylem and phloem in the newly found hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. Two experiments with the uptake via the roots and transport of Cd-109, Co-57, and Zn-65 labeled by roots, and the redistribution of Cd-109, Zn-65, Co-57, Ni-63, and Cs-134 using flap label in S. nigrum in a hydroponic culture with a standard nutrient solution were conducted. The results showed that Cd-109 added for 24 h to the nutrient medium of young plants was rapidly taken up, transferred to the shoot, and accumulated in the cotyledons and the oldest leaves but was not efficiently redistributed within the shoot afterward leading to a rather low content in the fruits. In contrast, Co-57 was more slowly taken up and released to the shoot, but afterward, this element was redistributed from older leaves to younger leaves and maturing fruits. Zn-65 was rapidly taken up and transferred to the shoot (mainly to the youngest leaves and not to the cotyledons). Afterward, this radionuclide was redistributed within the shoot to the youngest organs and finally accumulated in the maturing fruits. After flap labeling, all five heavy metals tested (Cd-109, Co-57, Zn-65, Ni-63, Cs-134) were exported from the labeled leaf and redistributed within the plant. The accumulation in the fruits was most pronounced for Ni-63 and Zn-65, while a relatively high percentage of Co-57 was finally found in the roots. Cs-134 was roughly in the middle of them. The transport of Cd-109 differed from that previously reported for wheat or lupin and might be important for the potential of S. nigrum to hyperaccumulate cadmium.

Systemically transferred hematopoietic stem cells home to the subretinal space and express RPE-65 in a mouse model of retinal pigment epithelium damage

Stem cell regeneration of damaged tissue has recently been reported in many different organs. Since the loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the eye is associated with a major cause of visual loss - specifically, age-related macular degeneration - we investigated whether hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) given systemically can home to the damaged subretinal space and express markers of RPE lineage. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) cells of bone marrow origin were used in a sodium iodate (NaIO(3)) model of RPE damage in the mouse. The optimal time for adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived stem cells relative to the time of injury and the optimal cell type [whole bone marrow, mobilized peripheral blood, HSC, facilitating cells (FC)] were determined by counting the number of GFP(+) cells in whole eye flat mounts. Immunocytochemistry was performed to identify the bone marrow origin of the cells in the RPE using antibodies for CD45, Sca-1, and c-kit, as well as the expression of the RPE-specific marker, RPE-65. The time at which bone marrow-derived cells were adoptively transferred relative to the time of NaIO(3) injection did not significantly influence the number of cells that homed to the subretinal space. At both one and two weeks after intravenous (i.v.) injection, GFP(+) cells of bone marrow origin were observed in the damaged subretinal space, at sites of RPE loss, but not in the normal subretinal space. The combined transplantation of HSC+FC cells appeared to favor the survival of the homed stem cells at two weeks, and RPE-65 was expressed by adoptively transferred HSC by four weeks. We have shown that systemically injected HSC homed to the subretinal space in the presence of RPE damage and that FC promoted survival of these cells. Furthermore, the RPE-specific marker RPE-65 was expressed on adoptively transferred HSC in the denuded areas.

Capecitabine and vinorelbine as first-line treatment in elderly patients (> or =65 years) with metastatic breast cancer. A phase II trial (SAKK 25/99)

BACKGROUND: We evaluated previously established regimens of capecitabine plus vinorelbine in older patients with advanced breast cancer stratified for presence versus absence of bone metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients > or =65 years who had received no prior chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer received up to six 21-day cycles of vinorelbine 20 mg/m(2) i.v. on days 1 + 8 with oral capecitabine on days 1-14 (1,000 vs. 1,250 mg/m(2) daily in patients with vs. without bone involvement). RESULTS: Median age was 72 years in patients with bone metastases (n = 47) and 75 years in patients without bone metastases (n = 23). Response rates were 43% (95% confidence interval, CI, 28.3-58.8) and 57% (95% CI = 34.5-76.8), respectively. Median time to progression was 4.3 (95% CI = 3.5-6.0 months) and 7.0 months (CI = 4.1-8.3), respectively. Neutropenia was the most common toxicity, with grade 3/4 occurring in 43 and 39%, respectively. Pulmonary embolism was seen in 5 and grade 3 thrombosis in 3 patients. Other toxicities were mild to moderate. CONCLUSIONS: These regimens of capecitabine and vinorelbine are active and well tolerated in patients with advanced breast cancer > or =65 years. Response rates were comparable to published results. The lower capecitabine doses appeared appropriate given the advanced age, bone involvement and prior radiotherapy.

Internationalisierung des Rechts und seine ökonomische Analyse. Festschrift für Hans-Bernd Schäfer zum 65. Geburtstag

Die ökonomische Analyse des Rechts durchdringt heute sämtliche Rechtsgebiete, vom allgemeinen Zivilrecht über das Wirtschaftsrecht bis hin zu den verfassungsrechtlichen Grundlagen. Vor dem Hintergrund von Europäisierung und Internationalisierung des Rechts beschäftigen sich 59 namhafte Rechtswissenschaftler und Ökonomen aus 15 Ländern mit aktuellen Grundsatzfragen und künftigen Perspektiven der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts.