7 resultados para Voies sensorielles

em BORIS: Bern Open Repository and Information System - Berna - Suiça


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Die europäischen Alpen sind in den Hochlagen trotz einem immensen Rückgang in den letzten Jahrzehnten immer noch stark vergletschert. Früher dachte man, dass die alpine Zone über rund 2000 m über Meer vom prähistorischen Menschen nicht begangen wurde. 1991 zeigte die Entdeckung des Mannes aus dem Eis beim Tisenjoch („Ötzi“) in über 3000 m Höhe, dass schon im Neolithikum Vorstösse bis in die vergletscherten Gebiete der Alpen stattgefunden haben. Die ältesten Spuren am Schnidejoch, einem Pass in den Berner Alpen der Schweiz, reichen bis in die Zeit zwischen 4800 und 4500 v.Chr. zurück. Der Pass wurde auch in der Frühen Bronzezeit benutzt, wie zahlreiche Objekte aus der Zeit zwischen etwa 2200 und 1600 v.Chr. belegen. Frühbronzezeitliche Funde liegen auch vom Lötschenpass, einem zweiten Passübergang in den Berner Alpen vor. Nördlich dieser Übergänge befinden sich die bekannten frühbronzezeitlichen Gräber des Berner Oberlandes (Region des unteren Thunersees), südlich davon stammen zahlreiche frühbronzezeitliche Funde aus Gräbern und Nekropolen im Rhonetal. Dank der Erhaltung von organischem Material bieten die Eisfundstellen wertvolle Einblicke zur Frequentierung der Hochalpen. Neben Bohlenwegen, Strassen und Brücken bilden Pässe wichtige Elemente des prähistorischen terrestrischen Transportsystems.

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Defects of androgen biosynthesis cause 46,XY disorder of sexual development (DSD). All steroids are produced from cholesterol and the early steps of steroidogenesis are common to mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and sex steroid production. Genetic mutations in enzymes and proteins supporting the early biosynthesis pathways cause adrenal insufficiency (AI), DSD and gonadal insufficiency. The classic androgen biosynthesis defects with AI are lipoid CAH, CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 deficiencies. Deficiency of CYP17A1 rarely causes AI, and HSD17B3 or SRD5A2 deficiencies only cause 46,XY DSD and gonadal insufficiency. All androgen biosynthesis depends on 17,20 lyase activity of CYP17A1 which is supported by P450 oxidoreductase (POR) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5). Therefore 46,XY DSD with apparent 17,20 lyase deficiency may be due to mutations in CYP17A1, POR or CYB5. Illustrated by patients harboring mutations in SRD5A2, normal development of the male external genitalia depends largely on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which is converted from circulating testicular testosterone (T) through SRD5A2 in the genital skin. In the classic androgen biosynthetic pathway, T is produced from DHEA and androstenedione/-diol in the testis. However, recently found mutations in AKR1C2/4 genes in undervirilized 46,XY individuals have established a role for a novel, alternative, backdoor pathway for fetal testicular DHT synthesis. In this pathway, which has been first elucidated for the tammar wallaby pouch young, 17-hydroxyprogesterone is converted directly to DHT by 5α-3α reductive steps without going through the androgens of the classic pathway. Enzymes AKR1C2/4 catalyse the critical 3αHSD reductive reaction which feeds 17OH-DHP into the backdoor pathway. In conclusion, androgen production in the fetal testis seems to utilize two pathways but their exact interplay remains to be elucidated.

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Pituitary surgery remains mainly performed trough a transnasal, transseptal and transsphenoidal way. This surgical approach can damage intranasal structures and, in particular, may impede olfactory function. Our study investigates olfactory function in 67 patients undergoing this type of surgery before and 3 months after surgery. Mean olfactory scores were identical pre- and postoperatively. However, on an individual bases seven percent of the patients showed a clear decrease in olfactory function. In conclusion, transnasal, transseptal and transsphenoidal surgery is relativelv safe with regards to olfactory function