Netzwerk Aussenpolitik. Internationale Organisationen und Kongresse als Instrumente der schweizerischen Aussenpolitik 1914–1950

Netzwerk Aussenpolitik beschreibt den dynamischen Wandel der internationalen Beziehungen von einer Summe nationaler Aussenpolitiken zu einem vielschichtigen Netzwerk von multilateralen Kontakten. Für die staatliche Aussenpolitik war dieser Prozess eine Herausforderung der besonderen Art, da diese Netzwerke staatliche so gut wie nongouvernementale Aktivitäten umfassten. Die staatliche Beteiligung an dieser neuen Entwicklung musste daher abgesichert und die Instrumente der Aussenpolitik an die neuen Strukturen der internationalen Beziehungen angepasst werden. Reichhaltige in- und ausländische Archivquellen belegen die Herausbildung einer netzwerkorientierten Aussenpolitik als ein in Vergessenheit geratenes Charakteristikum schweizerischer Aussenpolitik, das derzeit als historische Wurzeln der Globalisierung neue Bedeutung zu gewinnen beginnt. Das Buch untersucht sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ die schweizerische Beteiligung an internationalen Organisationen und die offizielle Teilnahme an internationalen Konferenzen und Kongressen in der Zeit von 1914 bis 1950. Die Zeit der Krisen und Kriege erlaubt die Stabilität der internationalen Netzwerke zu diskutieren und die aussenpolitischen Reaktionen auf faschistische und nationalsozialistische Unterwanderung zu untersuchen. Dabei wird die Wechselwirkung zwischen Aussenpolitik und Netzwerken während der Weltkriege ebenso thematisiert wie deren Bedeutung bei der Transformation der internationalen Beziehungen zum UN-System.

The comprehensiveness of the ESHRE/ESGE classification of female genital tract congenital anomalies: a systematic review of cases not classified by the AFS system.

STUDY QUESTION How comprehensive is the recently published European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)/European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) classification system of female genital anomalies? SUMMARY ANSWER The ESHRE/ESGE classification provides a comprehensive description and categorization of almost all of the currently known anomalies that could not be classified properly with the American Fertility Society (AFS) system. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Until now, the more accepted classification system, namely that of the AFS, is associated with serious limitations in effective categorization of female genital anomalies. Many cases published in the literature could not be properly classified using the AFS system, yet a clear and accurate classification is a prerequisite for treatment. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE AND DURATION The CONUTA (CONgenital UTerine Anomalies) ESHRE/ESGE group conducted a systematic review of the literature to examine if those types of anomalies that could not be properly classified with the AFS system could be effectively classified with the use of the new ESHRE/ESGE system. An electronic literature search through Medline, Embase and Cochrane library was carried out from January 1988 to January 2014. Three participants independently screened, selected articles of potential interest and finally extracted data from all the included studies. Any disagreement was discussed and resolved after consultation with a fourth reviewer and the results were assessed independently and approved by all members of the CONUTA group. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Among the 143 articles assessed in detail, 120 were finally selected reporting 140 cases that could not properly fit into a specific class of the AFS system. Those 140 cases were clustered in 39 different types of anomalies. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The congenital anomaly involved a single organ in 12 (30.8%) out of the 39 types of anomalies, while multiple organs and/or segments of Müllerian ducts (complex anomaly) were involved in 27 (69.2%) types. Uterus was the organ most frequently involved (30/39: 76.9%), followed by cervix (26/39: 66.7%) and vagina (23/39: 59%). In all 39 types, the ESHRE/ESGE classification system provided a comprehensive description of each single or complex anomaly. A precise categorization was reached in 38 out of 39 types studied. Only one case of a bizarre uterine anomaly, with no clear embryological defect, could not be categorized and thus was placed in Class 6 (un-classified) of the ESHRE/ESGE system. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The review of the literature was thorough but we cannot rule out the possibility that other defects exist which will also require testing in the new ESHRE/ESGE system. These anomalies, however, must be rare. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The comprehensiveness of the ESHRE/ESGE classification adds objective scientific validity to its use. This may, therefore, promote its further dissemination and acceptance, which will have a positive outcome in clinical care and research. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS None.