Why Males ≠ Corvettes, Females ≠ Volvos, and Scientific Criticism ≠ Ideology: A Response to “Equal ≠ The Same: Sex Differences in the Human Brain” by Larry Cahill in Cerebrum

A recent Cerebrum article by Larry Cahill about sex differences in the human brain has prompted a group of women academicians to respond and for the author to reply to their response. We encourage you to evaluate both points of view, as well as the original article, and form your own opinion.

Postural proteinuria associated with left renal vein entrapment: a follow-up evaluation

Imaging studies show entrapment of the left renal vein in the fork between the aorta and proximal superior mesenteric artery in most cases of isolated postural proteinuria. Therefore, it has been postulated that partial obstruction to the flow in the left renal vein in the upright position is a cause of this form of proteinuria. In a girl with isolated postural proteinuria, kidney ultrasonic imaging and Doppler flow scanning showed left renal vein entrapment. Seven years later, a new evaluation showed resolution of both postural proteinuria and left renal vein entrapment. The longitudinal observation provides substantial additional support for entrapment of the left renal vein by the aorta and superior mesenteric artery as a cause of isolated postural proteinuria.

Stereologic analysis of tibial-plateau cartilage and femoral cancellous bone in guinea pigs with spontaneous osteoarthritis

Two strains of guinea pig develop spontaneous osteoarthritis of the knee. Although the disease evolves at different rates in the two strains, it is not known whether these differences are reflected in the structure of the cartilage and cancellous bone.

The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review

Context During the past 2 decades, a major transition in the clinical characterization of psychotic disorders has occurred. The construct of a clinical high-risk (HR) state for psychosis has evolved to capture the prepsychotic phase, describing people presenting with potentially prodromal symptoms. The importance of this HR state has been increasingly recognized to such an extent that a new syndrome is being considered as a diagnostic category in the DSM-5. Objective To reframe the HR state in a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on the progress that has been made while also recognizing the challenges that remain. Data Sources Available HR research of the past 20 years from PubMed, books, meetings, abstracts, and international conferences. Study Selection and Data Extraction Critical review of HR studies addressing historical development, inclusion criteria, epidemiologic research, transition criteria, outcomes, clinical and functional characteristics, neurocognition, neuroimaging, predictors of psychosis development, treatment trials, socioeconomic aspects, nosography, and future challenges in the field. Data Synthesis Relevant articles retrieved in the literature search were discussed by a large group of leading worldwide experts in the field. The core results are presented after consensus and are summarized in illustrative tables and figures. Conclusions The relatively new field of HR research in psychosis is exciting. It has the potential to shed light on the development of major psychotic disorders and to alter their course. It also provides a rationale for service provision to those in need of help who could not previously access it and the possibility of changing trajectories for those with vulnerability to psychotic illnesses.

Left renal vein entrapment: a frequent feature in children with postural proteinuria

In most Asian subjects with postural proteinuria, ultrasonic imaging and Doppler flow scanning disclose entrapment of the left renal vein in the fork between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. Little information is available on the possible occurrence of left venal rein entrapment in European subjects with postural proteinuria. Renal ultrasound with Doppler flow imaging was therefore performed on 24 Italian or Swiss patients with postural proteinuria (14 girls and ten boys, aged between 5.2 years and 16 years). Signs of aorto-mesenteric left renal vein entrapment were noted in 18 of the 24 subjects. In conclusion, aorto-mesenteric left renal vein entrapment is common also among European subjects with postural proteinuria.