12 resultados para Rust

em BORIS: Bern Open Repository and Information System - Berna - Suiça


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In sport psychology research about emotional contagion in sport teams has been scarce (Reicherts & Horn, 2008). Emotional contagion is a process leading to a specific emotional state in an individual caused by the perception of another individual’s emotional expression (Hatfield, Cacioppo & Rapson, 1994). Apitzsch (2009) described emotional contagion as one reason for collapsing sport teams. The present study examined the occurrence of emotional contagion in dyads during a basketball task and the impact of a socially induced emotional state on performance. An experiment with between-subjects design was conducted. Participants (N=81, ♀=38, M=21.33 years, SD=1.45) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions, by joining a confederate to compose a same gender, ad hoc team. The team was instructed to perform a basketball task as quickly as possible. The between-factor of the experimental design was the confederate’s emotional expression (positive or negative valence). The within-factor was participants’ emotional state, measured pre- and post-experimentally using PANAS (Krohne, Egloff, Kohlmann & Tausch, 1996). The basketball task was video-taped and the number of frames participants needed to complete the task was used to determine the individual performance. The confederate’s emotional expression was appraised in a significantly different manner across both experimental conditions by participants and video raters (MC). Mixed between-within subjects ANOVAs were conducted to examine the impact of the two conditions on participants’ scores on the PANAS subscales across two time periods (pre- and post-experimental). No significant interaction effects but substantial main effects for time were found on both PANAS subscales. Both groups showed an increase in positive and a reduction in negative PANAS scores across these two time periods. Nevertheless, video raters assessment of the emotional states expressed by participants was significantly different between the positive (M=3.23, SD=0.45) and negative condition (M=2.39, SD=0.53; t=7.64, p<.001, eta squared=.43). An independent-samples t-test indicated no difference in performance between conditions. Furthermore, no significant correlation between the extent of positive or negative emotional contagion and the number of frames was observed. The basketball task lead to an improvement of the emotional state of participants, independently of the condition. Even though participants PANAS scores indicated a tendency to emotional contagion, it was not statistically significant. This could be explained by the low task duration of approximately three minutes. Moreover, the performance of participants was unaffected by the experimental condition or the extent of positive or negative emotional contagion. Apitzsch, E. (2009). A case study of a collapsing handball team. In S. Jern & J. Näslund (Eds.), Dynamics within and outside the lab. Proceedings from The 6th Nordic Conference on Group and Social Psychology, May 2008, Lund, pp. 35-52. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T. & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge: University Press. Krohne, H. W., Egloff, B., Kohlmann, C.-W. & Tausch, A. (1996). Untersuchungen mit einer deutschen Version der „Positive und Negative Affect Schedule“ (PANAS). Diagnostica, 42 (2), 139-156. Reicherts, M. & Horn, A. B. (2008). Emotionen im Sport. In W. Schlicht & B. Strauss (Eds.), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie. Grundlagen der Sportpsychologie (Bd. 1) (S. 563-633). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

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In der Sportpsychologie gibt es bis anhin wenige Studien, welche sich mit dem Phänomen der sozialen Emotionsinduktion befassen (Reicherts & Horn, 2008). Die soziale Emotions-induktion ist ein Prozess, bei welchem der blosse emotionale Ausdruck einer Person ein emotionales Befinden bei einer anderen Person auslöst, welche diesen emotionalen Ausdruck wahrnimmt (McIntosh, Druckman & Zajonc, 1994). Von Apitzsch (2006) wird die soziale Emotionsinduktion in einem theoretischen Artikel als eine mögliche Ursache bezeichnet, warum es zu einem Kollaps von Teams im Sport kommen kann. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die beiden Fragestellungen, ob es beim Lösen einer sportbezogenen Aufgabe unter Teammitgliedern überhaupt zu sozialer Emotionsinduktion kommt und welche Auswirkungen sich daraus für die individuelle Leistung der Teammitglieder ergeben. Zu diesem Zweck wur-den zwei experimentelle Studien mit unterschiedlicher Methodik durchgeführt: Im ersten Experiment mit Between-Subjects Design wurden die Versuchsperson (N = 81, ♀ = 38, M = 21.33 Jahre, SD = 1.45) zufällig einer der beiden experimentellen Bedingungen zugeordnet, wobei sie auf einen Konfidenten trafen, mit welchem sie ein gleichgeschlechtliches Ad Hoc Team bildeten. Als Team mussten sie eine Basketballaufgabe so schnell wie möglich lösen. Der Zwischensubjekt-Faktor des experimentellen Designs was der emotionale Ausdruck des Konfidenten mit positiver oder negativer Valenz und der Innersubjekt-Faktor, das emotionale Befinden der Versuchspersonen, welches prä- und postexperimentell mit der Positive and Negative Affect Schedule erfasst wurde (PANAS: Krohne, Egloff, Kohlmann & Tausch, 1996). Die Zweiergruppe wurde beim Lösen der Basketballaufgabe auf Video aufgenommen und die Anzahl der Frames, welche die Versuchspersonen zur Aufgabenlösung brauchten, wurde als individuelles Leistungsmass verwendet. Im zweiten Experiment wurden dem Konfidenten drei Versuchspersonen (N = 78, ♀ = 33, M = 20.88 Jahre, SD = 1.64) zugeordnet und als Gruppe durchliefen sie beide experimentellen Bedingungen, womit es sich also um ein Within-Subjects Design handelte. Das prä- und postexperimentelle Befinden der Versuchspersonen wurde mit dem Mehrdimensionalen Befindlichkeitsfragebogen erfasst (MDBF: Steyer, Schwenkmezger, Notz & Eid, 1997). Es zeigte sich in beiden Experimenten, dass das emotionale Befinden der Konfidenten von den Versuchspersonen sowie von Videoratern als unterschiedlich zwischen den Bedingungen wahrgenommen wurde (Manipulation-Check). Auch wenn sich eine Tendenz für eine soziale Emotionsinduktion teilweise zeigte, waren die durchgeführten, messwiederholten Varianzanalysen, welche die Auswirkungen der beiden experimentellen Bedingungen auf die Veränderung des emotionalen Befindens der Versuchspersonen prüfen sollten, nicht signifikant. Die durchgeführten t-Tests zeigten überdies, dass sich die Leistung der Versuchspersonen nicht zwischen den beiden experimentellen Bedingungen unterschied. Mit den beiden durchgeführten Experimenten konnten somit die Ergebnisse anderer experimenteller Studien zur sozialen Emotionsinduktion in Gruppen nicht repliziert werden (z.B. Barsade, 2002). Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden abschliessend methodische Änderungen diskutiert, welche eine Verbesserung der Vorgehensweise bei der Erfassung der sozialen Emotionsinduktion in Gruppen beim Lösen einer sportbezogenen Aufgabe zur Folge hätten.

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South African land restitution, by way of which the post-apartheid state compensates victims of racial land dispossession, has been intimately linked to former homelands: prototypical rural claims are those of communities that lost their rights in land when being forcibly relocated to reserves and they now aspire to return to their former lands and homes from their despised ‘homelands’. However, white farmers, who were also dispossessed (although usually compensated) by the apartheid state in the latter’s endeavour to consolidate existing homelands, have lodged restitution claims as well. While the Land Claims Court has principally admitted such restitution claims and ruled upon the merits of individual cases, state bureaucrats, legal activists, as well as other members of the public have categorically questioned and challenged such claims to land rights by whites. Focussing on white land claimaints effected by the establishment of former KwaNdebele, this paper investigates the contested field of moral entitlements emerging from divergent discourses about the true victims and beneficiaries of apartheid. It pays particular attention to land claims pertaining to the western frontier of KwaNdebele – the wider Rust de Winter area, which used to be white farmland expropriated in the mid-1980s for consolidation (that never occurred) and currently vegetates as largely neglected no-man’s-(state-)land under multiple land claims. Being the point of reference for state officials, former white farmers, Ndebele traditionalists, local residents, and other citizens, this homeland frontier is hence analysed as a fateful zone of contestation, in which the terms of a new South African moral community are negotiated.

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Intraerythrocytic growth of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum depends on delivery of nutrients. Moreover, infection challenges cell volume constancy of the host erythrocyte requiring enhanced activity of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. Patch clamp recording demonstrated inwardly and outwardly rectifying anion channels in infected but not in control erythrocytes. The molecular identity of those channels remained elusive. We show here for one channel type that voltage dependence, cell volume sensitivity, and activation by oxidation are identical to ClC-2. Moreover, Western blots and FACS analysis showed protein and functional ClC-2 expression in human erythrocytes and erythrocytes from wild type (Clcn2(+/+)) but not from Clcn2(-/-) mice. Finally, patch clamp recording revealed activation of volume-sensitive inwardly rectifying channels in Plasmodium berghei-infected Clcn2(+/+) but not Clcn2(-/-) erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from infected mice of both genotypes differed in cell volume and inhibition of ClC-2 by ZnCl(2) (1 mm) induced an increase of cell volume only in parasitized Clcn2(+/+) erythrocytes. Lack of ClC-2 did not inhibit P. berghei development in vivo nor substantially affect the mortality of infected mice. In conclusion, activation of host ClC-2 channels participates in the altered permeability of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes but is not required for intraerythrocytic parasite survival.