Osteoblast responses to different oxide coatings produced by the sol-gel process on titanium substrates

In order to improve the osseointegration of endosseous implants made from titanium, the structure and composition of the surface were modified. Mirror-polished commercially pure (cp) titanium substrates were coated by the sol-gel process with different oxides: TiO(2), SiO(2), Nb(2)O(5) and SiO(2)-TiO(2). The coatings were physically and biologically characterized. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the absence of organic residues. Ellipsometry determined the thickness of layers to be approximately 100nm. High resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomice force microscopy revealed a nanoporous structure in the TiO(2) and Nb(2)O(5) layers, whereas the SiO(2) and SiO(2)-TiO(2) layers appeared almost smooth. The R(a) values, as determined by white-light interferometry, ranged from 20 to 50nm. The surface energy determined by the sessile-drop contact angle method revealed the highest polar component for SiO(2) (30.7mJm(-2)) and the lowest for cp-Ti and 316L stainless steel (6.7mJm(-2)). Cytocompatibility of the oxide layers was investigated with MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts in vitro (proliferation, vitality, morphology and cytochemical/immunolabelling of actin and vinculin). Higher cell proliferation rates were found in SiO(2)-TiO(2) and TiO(2), and lower in Nb(2)O(5) and SiO(2); whereas the vitality rates increased for cp-Ti and Nb(2)O(5). Cytochemical assays showed that all substrates induced a normal cytoskeleton and well-developed focal adhesion contacts. SEM revealed good cell attachment for all coating layers. In conclusion, the sol-gel-derived oxide layers were thin, pure and nanostructured; consequent different osteoblast responses to those coatings are explained by the mutual action and coadjustment of different interrelated surface parameters.

Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain JF3835 reduces mortality of juvenile perch, Perca fluviatilis L., caused by Aeromonas sobria

Motile aeromonad septicaemia caused by Aeromonas sobria is a cause of disease in farmed perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in Switzerland. We have evaluated the potential of a Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate, obtained from perch intestine, to control A. sobria infection. Inoculation of juvenile perch with P. chlororaphis strain JF3835 prior to infection with A. sobria caused a reduction in A. sobria associated mortalities. Infection of perch with xylE-labelled P. chlororaphis indicated the bacterium is able to transiently colonize juvenile fish and fingerlings.

Etude des relations entre la pluie, le sol, le relief, la couverture végétale et l'érosion dans la région de Mandraka

Le relief accidenté, le climat agressif favorisé par l’Alizé, ainsi que l’étroite dépendance de la population de l’exploitation forestière et de l’exploitation agricole sans dispositifs de protection antiérosifs, sont les contextes qui permettent de dire que la région de Mandraka est sujette au problème d’érosion. L’étude a pour objectif de déterminer les relations entre les caractéristiques du sol, son mode d’occupation, les précipitations ainsi que l’érosion dans la région de Mandraka et ce en vue d’un aménagement rationnel. Des dispositifs pour la mesure de pertes en terre et de ruissellement ont été matérialisés sur des parcelles d’expérimentation. A cet effet, le choix de ces parcelles a porté sur le mode d’occupation du sol (sous terrains aménagés, sous « tavy », sous « savoka », et sous forêt naturelle), sur la similitude des pentes et sur leur localisation de manière à ce qu’elles soient situées sur les mi-versants. Les résultats ont montré que le sol dans cette région contient un taux de matière organique satisfaisant à élevé (2,41 à 3,74% de MO), lui permettant une bonne stabilité structurale (Is = 0,85 et K = 0,08). Les pertes en terre (0,13 à 20,93t/ha/an) et les ruissellements (0,3 à 5%) obtenus indiquent que l’érosion est faible à accélérée suivant le mode d’occupation du sol. En deux ans d’aménagement, les terrasses se sont stabilisées et les racines de Vetiveria zizanoides peuvent remplacer les fascines initialement installées pour tenir les talus. Toutefois, l’exposition du sol à la battance de la pluie et la mauvaise infiltration d’eau de ruissellement dans le sol accélèrent le phénomène d’érosion. Par ailleurs, il y a l’efficacité de la SCV sans brûlis bien qu’il s’agit de la première année d’expérience. Dans ces conditions, un plan d’aménagement simplifié a été proposé en vue (i) de protéger le sol contre la battance de la pluie, (ii) de réduire les transports solides par l’érosion et (iii) d’améliorer l’infiltration d’eau du sol.

Morphological alterations in the liver of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) from a biological mercury hotspot

Mercury (Hg) contamination is a global issue due to its anthropogenic release, long-range transport, and deposition in remote areas. In Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site, Nova Scotia, Canada, high concentrations of total mercury (THg) were found in tissues of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible relationship between THg concentrations and the morphology of perch liver as a main site of metal storage and toxicity. Yellow perch were sampled from five lakes known to contain fish representing a wide range in Hg concentrations in fall 2013. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes and the distribution of Hg within the liver parenchyma were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS). The relative area of macrophage aggregates (MAs) in the liver was determined using image analysis software and fluorescence microscopy. No relation between general health indicators (Fulton's condition index) and THg was observed. In line with this, TEM examination of the liver ultrastructure revealed no prominent pathologies related to THg accumulation. However, a morphological parameter that appeared to increase with muscle THg was the relative area of MAs in the liver. The hepatic lysosomes appeared to be enlarged in samples with the highest THg concentrations. Interestingly, EELS analysis revealed that the MAs and hepatic lysosomes contained Hg.

First isolation of a rhabdovirus from perch Perca fluviatilis in Switzerland

Perca fluviatilis is a fish species of increasing interest to the Swiss fish farming industry. In recent years, recirculation systems have been specifically set up to increase production. In one of these farms, abnormal spiral swimming associated with elevated mortalities occurred in repeated batches of imported perch shortly after stocking on several occasions. No bacterial or parasitic etiology was detected, but a virus grown in bluegill fry (BF-2) cells was identified as perch rhabdovirus. Subsequent investigations of other samples suggested a viral tropism for the central nervous system (CNS). Phylogenetic analysis of the partial N and entire G gene sequences positioned this isolate in genogroup C of the species Perch rhabdovirus, with high nucleotide and amino acid (aa) sequence identities with the DK5533 strain isolated in Denmark in 1989. Comparative studies using other closely related isolates allowed the distinction of 2 serological Patterns among perch rhabdoviruses and the identification of a proline substitution by a serine in Position 147 of the glycoprotein potentially involved in antigenic differentiation. Even if perch imported onto the farm tested negative by virus isolation prior to transport, they may have been the origin of this outbreak since CNS tissue was not included in the samples that were analyzed. Another possibility might be a sub-clinical infection with a viral load in resident fish too low to be detected. This study reports the first isolation of a perch rhabdovirus in Switzerland, and emphasizes the necessity of optimizing diagnostic tools that facilitate better control of the risks associated with fish translocation.