Transvenous demand Pacemaker Treatment for intermittent complete Heart Block in a Cat

A 13-year-old male neutered domestic shorthaired cat had repeated syncopal episodes over a 6 month period, which had variable duration and continued to increase in frequency. Intermittent ventricular asystole, due to complete heart block, and hyperthyroidism were documented. As the syncopal episodes did not respond to a 4-week medical treatment and symptoms became severe, a transvenous ventricular demand pacemaker system (VVIM) was implanted via the external jugular vein. The unipolar lead was tunneled subcutaneously and connected with the generator in a preformed ventral abdominal muscle pocket. During follow up of 18-months there were no recurrences of the syncopal episodes.

Four years follow-up after clavicle reconstruction in a child: a case report.

Clavicle reconstruction is a rare operation. In most cases a mid-shaft defect of the clavicle is bridged by using different grafting techniques or musculo-osteous flaps. In some clinical situations where reconstruction is not a suitable option claviculectomy as a salvation procedure has proven to be an acceptable solution. In the paediatric population the challenge of both the cosmetic and the functional result attempting reconstruction of large bone defects is of higher demand. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a successful clavicle reconstruction with a sufficient follow-up using a free vascularised fibula graft in a child. This case provides a technique description, considerations in the paediatric population, an overview of other techniques used, and a long-term follow-up.