Interobserver variability in assessment of cranial ultrasound in very preterm infants

Cranial ultrasound (cUS) findings help doctors in the clinical management of preterm infants and in their discussion with parents regarding prediction of outcome. cUS is often used as outcome measure in clinical research studies. Accurate cUS performance and interpretation is therefore required.

Therapeutic hypothermia in term infants after perinatal encephalopathy: The last 5 years in Switzerland

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) following perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy in term infants improves mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome. In Europe, most neonatal units perform active cooling whereas in Switzerland passive cooling is predominantly used. Aims: (i) To determine how many infants were cooled within the last 5 years in Switzerland, (ii) to assess the cooling methods, (iii) to evaluate the variation of temperature of different cooling methods, and (iv) to evaluate the use of neuromonitoring. Study design: Retrospective cohort study. Patients: Notes of all cooled term infants between March 2005 and December 2010 in 9 perinatal and two paediatric intensive care centres were retrospectively reviewed. Active cooling was compared to passive cooling alone and to passive cooling in combination with gel packs. Results: 150 infants were cooled. Twenty-seven (18.2%) were cooled actively, 34 (23%) passively and 87 (58.8%) passively in combination with gel packs. Variation of temperature was significantly different between the three methods. Passive cooling had a significant higher variation of temperature (SD of 0.89) than both passive cooling in combination with gel packs (SD of 0.79) and active cooling (SD of 0.76). aEEG before TH was obtained in 35.8% of the infants and 86.5% had full EEG. One cUS was performed in 95.3% and MRI in 62.2% of the infants. Conclusion: Target temperature can be achieved with all three cooling methods. Passive cooling has the highest variation of temperature. Neuromonitoring should be improved in Swiss neonatal and paediatric intensive care units. Our results stress the importance of national registries.

Contrast enhanced ultrasound eases interpretation of an unclear renal tumor in addition to CT, MRI and histological findings--a case report in a young patient

Renal cancer represents accounts for approximately 3% of all adult malignancies with a rising incidence. Incidental diagnosis is mostly based upon ultrasound (US). US and Computed tomography (CT) are the standard imaging modalities for detecting renal cell cancer (RCC). Differentiation between malignant and benign renal tumors is of utmost importance. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CUS) seems to be a promising new diagnostic option for diagnosis and preoperative treatment planning for patients with renal cancer. It is an additional examination to baseline ultrasound and CT. We report a case of a 37-year-old woman with a papillary renal cell cancer in which CUS helped to differentiate dignity of the tumor. CUS is an additional examination to baseline ultrasound and CT. It is a less invasive technique than contrast enhanced CT and shows even slight tumor blood flow. In addition it may allow a more rapid diagnosis, because of its bedside availability.

Kinneret – eine nichtbiblische Stadt im Land der Bibel

Schon lange schlägt die Region um den See Gennesaret die Menschen in ihren Bann. Zahlreiche Touristen und Pilger besuchen die Region in jedem Jahr, und seit Beginn der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung Palästinas haben unterschiedliche Expeditionen viele neue Erkenntnisse über die Kultur und Geschichte dieses für Judentum wie Christentum so bedeutsamen Landstrichs erbracht. Der Vortrag beleuchtet die Vorgeschichte dieser bedeutenden Kulturlandschaft am Beispiel der antiken Stadt Kinneret, die in ägyptischen Quellen mehrfach, in der Bibel jedoch nur einmal (Josua 19:35) erwähnt wird. Die Ortslage wurde von 2003 bis 2008 im Rahmen des internationalen «Kinneret Regional Project» unter leitender Beteiligung der Universität Bern in einer ersten Phase untersucht. Die Publikation der Zwischenergebnisse ist derzeit in Vorbereitung. Der Ruinenhügel von Kinneret (hebr. Tel Kinrot, arab. Tell el-‘Orēme) liegt am Nordwestufer des Sees Gennesaret. Die Fundstätte weist eine – freilich nicht kontinuierliche – Besiedlung von der Jungsteinzeit bis in die osmanische Zeit auf. Im Fokus der Berner Forschung lag bisher vor allem die Untersuchung der Siedlungsschichten der Frühen Eisenzeit (ca. 1100 bis 950 v.u.Z.). Während dieser Epoche dominierte die Stadt Kinneret die Region um den See. Der Ort verfügte damals – im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen, zeitgenössischen Siedlungen in der Grossregion – über eine imposante Wehranlage, zentral geplante Straßenzüge und eine eindrückliche Wohnbebauung, die mehreren Tausend Einwohnern Platz bot. Zahlreiche Funde belegen intensive, transregionale Handels- und Kulturkontakte, die von Ägypten über Philistäa, Phönizien und Zypern bis nach Nordsyrien reichten. Aufgrund des ungewöhnlich guten Erhaltungszustandes der überaus reichen materiellen Kultur ermöglicht die Untersuchung des antiken Kinneret einen einzigartigen Einblick in die sozio-kulturellen Strukturen eines urbanen Zentrums zur Zeit der ersten Könige Israels und Judas am Anfang des 1. Jahrtausends v.u.Z. Informationen zum «Kinneret Regional Project» finden Sie unter: www.kinneret-excavations.org

Population structure, inbreeding and local adaptation within an endangered riverine specialist: the nase (Chondrostoma nasus)

Chondrostoma nasus is a cyprinid fish with highly specialized, ecologically and geographically distinct, ontogenetic trophic niches. Nase population numbers across their Swiss range have shown massive declines and many localized extinctions. Here we integrate data from different genetic markers with phenotypic and demographic data to survey patterns of neutral and adaptive genetic diversity in all extant (and one extinct) Swiss nase populations, with the aim to delineate intraspecific conservation units (CUs) and to inform future population management strategies. We discovered two major genetically and geographically distinct population groupings. The first population grouping comprises nase inhabiting rivers flowing into Lake Constance; the second comprises nase populations from Rhine drainages below Lake Constance. Within these clusters there is generally limited genetic differentiation among populations. Genomic outlier scans based on 256–377 polymorphic AFLP loci revealed little evidence of local adaptation both within and among population clusters, with the exception of one candidate locus identified in scans involving the inbred Schanzengraben population. However, significant phenotypic differentiation in body shape between certain populations suggests a need for more intensive future studies of local adaptation. Our data strongly suggests that the two major population groups should be treated as distinct CUs, with any supplemental stocking and reintroductions sourced only from within the range of the CU concerned.

Market Access in Switzerland and in the European Union for Agricultural Products from Least Developed Countries

The introduction of the so-called “duty free quota free” treatment (DFQF) for all products from least developed countries (LDCs), in particular by the European Communities (EC) and by Switzerland, raised expectations of increased agricultural exports for these 49 countries. Despite the high tariff differential LDCs now enjoy over their competitors, especially for agricultural products and particularly in Switzerland, the results until 2007 are dismal: with the exception of sugar exports to the EC, LDCs have not been able to substantially increase their agricultural exports to Europe. This study analyses the result-ing tariff situation and the remaining non-tariff barriers. In many instances it is not cus-toms duties but the sanitary and phytosanitary barriers which turn out to be the single most important hurdle preventing trade. For instance, almost no LDC-based company can supply animal-based products. Similarly, certain private standards set by proces-sors and retailers prevent imports, particularly from LDCs, far more effectively than tar-iffs. Several gateways into this “European cordon sanitaire” are proposed. Only if offered in the context of a package of various carefully coordinated measures, DFQF could yet have a real impact on trade from LDCs. As it stands, this treatment constitutes only a nice-to-have but still largely ineffective instrument of trade development.