Die Ethnisierung des Politischen: Identitätspolitiken in Lateinamerika, Asien und den USA

Ob die Delawaren in den USA, Indios in Mexiko oder die Kiranti-Bewegung in Nepal – seit knapp 20 Jahren fordern ethnische Bewegungen die Nationalstaaten in der außereuropäischen Welt heraus. Sie verlangen die Anerkennung und politische Repräsentation ethnischer Minderheiten und fordern, sie in die Definition der Nation einzuschließen. Die Autorinnen und Autoren des Bandes zeigen, dass diese »Ethnisierung des Politischen« bis ins frühe 19. Jahrhundert zurückreicht und die Identität einiger Nationalstaaten Amerikas und Asiens nachhaltig infrage stellt.

Combining charcoal sediment and molecular markers to infer a Holocene fire history in the Maya Lowlands of Petén, Guatemala

Vegetation changes in the Maya Lowlands during the Holocene are a result of changing climate conditions, solely anthropogenic activities, or interactions of both factors. As a consequence, it is difficult to assess how tropical ecosystems will cope with projected changes in precipitation and land-use intensification over the next decades. We investigated the role offire during the Holocene by combining macroscopic charcoal and the molecular fire proxies levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan. Combining these two different fire proxies allows a more robust understanding of the complex history of fire re- gimes at different spatial scales during the Holocene. In order to infer changes in past biomass burning, we analysed a lake sediment core from Lake Peten Itza, Guatemala, and compared our results with millennial-scale vegetation and climate change available in the area. We detected three periods of high fire activity during the Holocene: 9500 e 6000 cal yr BP, 3700 cal yr BP and 2700 cal yr BP. We attribute the first maximum mostly to climate conditions and the last maximum to human activities. The rapid change between burned vegetation types at the 3700 cal yr BP fire maximum may result from human activity.