Glucagon-like peptide-1 versus somatostatin receptor targeting reveals 2 distinct forms of malignant insulinomas

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor imaging is superior to somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst(2)) imaging in localizing benign insulinomas. Here, the role of GLP-1 and sst(2) receptor imaging in the management of malignant insulinoma patients was investigated.

Monogenic forms of hypertension

Arterial hypertension in childhood is less frequent as compared to adulthood but is more likely to be secondary to an underlying disorder. After ruling out more obvious causes, some patients still present with strongly suspected secondary hypertension of yet unknown etiology. A number of these children have hypertension due to single gene mutations inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive fashion. The finding of abnormal potassium levels (low or high) in the presence of suppressed renin secretion, and metabolic alkalosis or acidosis should prompt consideration of these familial diseases. However, mild hypertension and the absence of electrolyte abnormalities do not exclude hereditary conditions. In monogenic hypertensive disorders, three distinct mechanisms leading to the common final pathway of increased sodium reabsorption, volume expansion, and low plasma renin activity are documented. The first mechanism relates to gain-of-function mutations with a subsequent hyperactivity of renal sodium and chloride reabsorption leading to plasma volume expansion (e.g., Liddle's syndrome, Gordon's syndrome). The second mechanism involves deficiencies of enzymes that regulate adrenal steroid hormone synthesis and deactivation (e.g., subtypes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME)). The third mechanism is characterized by excessive aldosterone synthesis that escapes normal regulatory mechanisms and leading to volume-dependent hypertension in the presence of suppressed renin release (glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism). Hormonal studies coupled with genetic testing can help in the early diagnosis of these disorders.

The vascular-disrupting agent combretastatin impairs splitting and sprouting forms of physiological angiogenesis

Vascular-disrupting agents like combretastatin (CA-4-P), used to attenuate tumor blood flow in vivo, exert anti-mitotic and anti-migratory effects on endothelial cells in vitro. We tested whether anti-vascular or anti-angiogenic effects of CA-4-P are evident with physiological angiogenesis in skeletal muscle (EDL) due to sustained hyperemia (intraluminal splitting) and chronic muscle overload (abluminal sprouting).

Ethnosciences - A step towards the integration of scientific and non-scientific forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ‘ontologies’ and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles which ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ‘inter-ontological dialogue’ were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide.

Differential gene and protein expression in abluminal sprouting and intraluminal splitting forms of angiogenesis

In adult skeletal muscle, abluminal sprouting or longitudinal splitting of capillaries can be initiated separately by muscle overload and elevated microcirculation shear stress respectively. In the present study, gene and protein expression patterns associated with the different forms of angiogenesis were examined using a targeted gene array (Superarray), validated by quantitative RT (reverse transcription)-PCR and immunoblots. Sprouting angiogenesis induced large changes in expression levels in genes associated with extracellular matrix remodelling, such as MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2), TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases), SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) and thrombospondin. Changes in neuropilin, midkine and restin levels, which may underpin changes in endothelial morphology, were seen during splitting angiogenesis. Up-regulation of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), Flk-1, angiopoietin-2 and PECAM-1 (platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1) was seen in both forms of angiogenesis, representing a common angiogenic response of endothelial cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that general angiogenic signals from growth factors can be influenced by the local microenvironment resulting in differing forms of capillary growth to produce a co-ordinated expansion of the vascular bed.

A Mitogen-activated protein kinase controls differentiation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei

African trypanosomes undergo differentiation in order to adapt to the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector. To characterize the role of a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homologue, TbMAPK5, in the differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei, we constructed a knockout in procyclic (insect) forms from a differentiation-competent (pleomorphic) stock. Two independent knockout clones proliferated normally in culture and were not essential for other life cycle stages in the fly. They were also able to infect immunosuppressed mice, but the peak parasitemia was 16-fold lower than that of the wild type. Differentiation of the proliferating long slender to the nonproliferating short stumpy bloodstream form is triggered by an autocrine factor, stumpy induction factor (SIF). The knockout differentiated prematurely in mice and in culture, suggestive of increased sensitivity to SIF. In contrast, a null mutant of a cell line refractory to SIF was able to proliferate normally. The differentiation phenotype was partially rescued by complementation with wild-type TbMAPK5 but exacerbated by introduction of a nonactivatable mutant form. Our results indicate a regulatory function for TbMAPK5 in the differentiation of bloodstream forms of T. brucei that might be exploitable as a target for chemotherapy against human sleeping sickness.

Effects of various forms of calcium added to chewing gum on initial enamel carious lesions in situ

The purpose of this randomized, cross-over in situ study was to determine the effects of 4 chewing gums on artificial caries-like subsurface lesions. Two chewing gums (1 with zinc citrate and 1 without) contained dicalcium phosphate (3.9%), calcium gluconate (1.8%) and calcium lactate (0.45%), 1 chewing gum contained casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes (0.7%), and another one contained no calcium. Fifteen subjects without current caries activity (7 male, 8 female; mean age: 27.5 +/- 2.5 years) wore removable buccal appliances in the lower jaw with 4 bovine enamel slabs with subsurface lesions. The appliances were inserted immediately before gum chewing for 20 min and then retained for an additional 20 min. This was performed 4 times per day. Every subject chewed 4 different chewing gums over 4 periods of 14 days each. During a fifth period (control) the subjects only wore the appliances without chewing gum. At completion of each period the enamel slabs were embedded, sectioned and subjected to transversal microradiography. With regard to change of mineral loss and of lesion depth no significant differences could be found between chewing gums containing calcium and calcium-free chewing gums. Moreover, the chewing gum groups and the control group did not differ significantly if adjustments were made for baseline values (p > 0.05; ANCOVA). Under the conditions of the present study it may be concluded that the use of chewing gum offers no additional remineralizing benefit to buccal tooth surfaces, even if the chewing gum contains calcium compounds.