European perspective on sport psychology

This chapter describes the development of sport psychology in Europe. Starting from the early years at the beginning of the 20th century, the contribution of European sport psychology in different cultural traditions to the development of this discipline is highlighted. The foundation of FEPSAC, the European Federation of Sport Psychology, and its role in this development are emphasised. During the first 20 years, Europe was a divided continent and the challenges were to establish a common understanding and possibilities for scientific exchange. After the fall of the Berlin wall and the change of the political landscape in Europe, central aims were to foster scientific exchange despite language difficulties, to develop a common understanding, to help young sport psychologists and to establish sport psychology as a professional field. In the new century, one group of challenges identified refers to unification, for example in education and training, in the services delivery, and in the structure. The second group of challenges relates to diversification, be it in the educational and vocational pathways, the different sports and physical activities, the inclusion of persons with special needs or background, or the publications.

Isolated development of inner (wall) caries like lesions in a bacterial-based in vitro model

The study conducted in a bacterial-based in vitro caries model aimed to determine whether typical inner secondary caries lesions can be detected at cavity walls of restorations with selected gap widths when the development of outer lesions is inhibited. Sixty bovine tooth specimens were randomly assigned to the following groups: test group 50 (TG50; gap, 50 microm), test group 100 (TG100; gap, 100 microm), test group 250 (TG250; gap, 250 microm) and a control group (CG; gap, 250 microm). The outer tooth surface of the test group specimens was covered with an acid-resistant varnish to inhibit the development of an outer caries lesion. After incubation in the caries model, the area of demineralization at the cavity wall was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. All test group specimens demonstrated only wall lesions. The CG specimens developed outer and wall lesions. The TG250 specimens showed significantly less wall lesion area compared to the CG (p < 0.05). In the test groups, a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in lesion area could be detected in enamel between TG50 and TG250 and in dentine between TG50 and TG100. In conclusion, the inner wall lesions of secondary caries can develop without the presence of outer lesions and therefore can be regarded as an entity on their own. The extent of independently developed wall lesions increased with gap width in the present setting.