Differenzen? Interkulturelle Probleme und Möglichkeiten in Sprache, Literatur und Kultur

Unter dem Eindruck jüngster weltpolitischer Entwicklungen problematisiert der Band kulturelle ';Differenz' als Thema der aktuellen Interkulturalitätsforschung. Die Betonung der ';Unterschiede' als die ';andere Seite' der Globalisierung gilt es in ihren Ursachen zu verstehen und in ihren Ausprägungen zu erforschen. Die Differenzen liegen in eben diesen Ausprägungen, die sie für alle übrigen zu etwas Anderem macht. Aktive Toleranz heißt, dies Andere im Bewußtsein der Unterschiede zu verstehen und sich damit des Eigenen neu zu vergewissern, um von der Diagnose des (potentiellen) kulturellen Konflikts (';cultural clash', ';clash of civilisations') Wege zum Programm des ';interkulturellen Dialogs' (Kofi Annan) zu suchen. In ihm wird interkulturelle Differenz nicht zum Impuls zur Markierung von Grenzen, sondern ';nimmt ihnen das Trennende' (Richard v. Weizsäcker). Sie objektiviert sich in Texten und Zeichenensembles, denen die Aufmerksamkeit der Autoren, international tätiger Germanisten vor allem, im Blick auf die Vielfalt ihrer sprachlichen und ästhetischen Manifestationsformen gilt.

Transient state estimation in paleoclimatology using data assimilation

Data assimilation methods used for transient atmospheric state estimations in paleoclimatology such as covariance-based approaches, analogue techniques and nudging are briefly introduced. With applications differing widely, a plurality of approaches appears to be the logical way forward.

Overview of data assimilation methods

We present the data assimilation approach, which provides a framework for combining observations and model simulations of the climate system, and has led to a new field of applications for paleoclimatology. The three subsequent articles explore specific applications in more detail.

Evidence for an Ancestral Association of Human Coronavirus 229E with Bats.

UNLABELLED We previously showed that close relatives of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) exist in African bats. The small sample and limited genomic characterizations have prevented further analyses so far. Here, we tested 2,087 fecal specimens from 11 bat species sampled in Ghana for HCoV-229E-related viruses by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Only hipposiderid bats tested positive. To compare the genetic diversity of bat viruses and HCoV-229E, we tested historical isolates and diagnostic specimens sampled globally over 10 years. Bat viruses were 5- and 6-fold more diversified than HCoV-229E in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and spike genes. In phylogenetic analyses, HCoV-229E strains were monophyletic and not intermixed with animal viruses. Bat viruses formed three large clades in close and more distant sister relationships. A recently described 229E-related alpaca virus occupied an intermediate phylogenetic position between bat and human viruses. According to taxonomic criteria, human, alpaca, and bat viruses form a single CoV species showing evidence for multiple recombination events. HCoV-229E and the alpaca virus showed a major deletion in the spike S1 region compared to all bat viruses. Analyses of four full genomes from 229E-related bat CoVs revealed an eighth open reading frame (ORF8) located at the genomic 3' end. ORF8 also existed in the 229E-related alpaca virus. Reanalysis of HCoV-229E sequences showed a conserved transcription regulatory sequence preceding remnants of this ORF, suggesting its loss after acquisition of a 229E-related CoV by humans. These data suggested an evolutionary origin of 229E-related CoVs in hipposiderid bats, hypothetically with camelids as intermediate hosts preceding the establishment of HCoV-229E. IMPORTANCE The ancestral origins of major human coronaviruses (HCoVs) likely involve bat hosts. Here, we provide conclusive genetic evidence for an evolutionary origin of the common cold virus HCoV-229E in hipposiderid bats by analyzing a large sample of African bats and characterizing several bat viruses on a full-genome level. Our evolutionary analyses show that animal and human viruses are genetically closely related, can exchange genetic material, and form a single viral species. We show that the putative host switches leading to the formation of HCoV-229E were accompanied by major genomic changes, including deletions in the viral spike glycoprotein gene and loss of an open reading frame. We reanalyze a previously described genetically related alpaca virus and discuss the role of camelids as potential intermediate hosts between bat and human viruses. The evolutionary history of HCoV-229E likely shares important characteristics with that of the recently emerged highly pathogenic Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.