Conserving indigenous animal genetic resources as a coping strategy to adapt to climate change: the Azikheli Buffalo in Northern Mountains of Pakistan

There are clear signs that the agro-pastoralists in the Himalayan and Hindu-Kush mountain ranges will have less cropping opportunities due to reduced possibilities for irrigated agriculture as a result of climate change. The importance of extensive livestock production based on well adapted livestock species may once again increase. This calls for a better documentation and understanding of the adaptation capabilities of indigenous breeds considering a changing environment. The current study investigates the adaptive traits of the Azikheli buffalo to mountain environments through calculating mean, standard error and percentages for different variables. Results from this study suggest that the brown coat color, the small body size and the high fertility are adaptive traits of the Azikheli buffalo that may well suit harsh mountainous environment conditions with greater climate variability. Local farmers find it hard to sustain the Azikheli buffalo’s key adaptive traits because of a low bull to buffalo ratio, possibility of insemination with semen from imported breeds and a lack of institutional support to conserve the Azikheli breed. The breed is crucial for sustaining custodian communities in these mountains and thus needs to be conserved.

Análisis de tenencia y uso de la tierra en dos comunidades campesinas en Cochabamba, Bolivia, en relación a la Ley INRA

La Reforma Agraria del 1953 trajo un nuevo régimen y nuevas políticas agrarias que estaban dirigidos a la modernización de Bolivia, y logró la abolición de las formas de servidumbre a las que estaba sometida la población indígena originario campesina. Sin embargo, a más tardar en los años 70, quedó claro que la Reforma Agraria no pudo cumplir con las expectaciones de la población indígena campesina, y que no hubo voluntad política de implementarla. Entre los numerosos déficit de la reforma, destacan la continua inequidad en el acceso y en la distribución de la tierra; la creación de nuevos latifundios de carácter capitalista en el oriente y de minifundios en el altiplano y valle; la inseguridad jurídica; la sobreposición de derechos; y una institucionalidad pública desacreditada. En el marco de cambios políticos en todo Latinoamerica en los años 90, se introdujo una serie de reformas que reconocen el carácter multi-étnico y pluricultural del país. La Ley INRA (Ley del Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria) del 1996 trajo un reconocimiento formal de los sistemas de tenencia de la tierra indígenas bajo el patrocinio del neoliberalismo. Un eje central de la ley es el saneamiento de la propiedad agraria. Después de una década de vigencia, la ley resultó ser insuficiente, el saneamiento burocrático, lento, costoso y con resultados no muy satisfactorios. En 2006, el gobierno de Evo Morales modificó la ley mediante la Ley de Reconducción Comunitaria de la Reforma Agraria. Desde entonces, el proceso de saneamiento ha avanzado significantamente en las tierras bajas y el altiplano norte, mientras en Potosí, Tarija, Oruro y Cochabamba el proceso sigue siendo lento. Eso tiene que ver con las particularidades históricas, culturales, sociales, económicas y ecológicas de las diferentes regiones de Bolivia, cuales la Ley INRA no logra a captar. La presente tesis tiene como objetivo analizar las formas de tenencia y uso de la tierra y las instituciones sociales mediantes las cuales estos están reguladas en dos comunidades del Valle de Cochabamba. Las sistemas de tenencia de la tierra elaboradas por las familias campesinas luego se analizaron en relación a la Ley INRA. El área de estudio es localizado en el municipio de Sipe Sipe, provincia de Quillacollo, departamento de Cochabamba. La población consiste de campesinos perteneciendo al grupo etno-lingüistico quechua, cuya subsistencia depende de la producción agropecuaria y, en la mayoría de los casos, del trabajo asalariado. Las comunidades están situadas total- o parcialmente dentro del Parque Nacional Tunari. La ley del parque del 1991 expropia a las personas que viven dentro de los límites de este. Sin embargo, hasta hoy no ha sido implementada, excepto en 1% de la superficie total; las dos comunidades hasta ahora no han sido afectadas. Las dos comunidades de estudio han desarrollado una compleja combinación de propiedad familiar y propiedad comunal, que tiene su raíz en el sistema de haciendas, la forma predominante de tenencia de la tierra en el departamento de Cochabamba hasta la Reforma Agraria. El acceso al territorio comunal y el uso de los recursos naturales es gestionado por un sindicato agrario y una variedad de instituciones sociales. Se analizaron las estrategias de hogar de seis familias de Link’u comparandolas con las demás datos obtenidos. En Lap’iani, la comunidad menos accesible, las familias dependen de gran parte de la producción agropecuaria, mientras en Link’u, que está localizado cerca del pueblo de Sipe Sipe, la mayoría de las familias combina la agricultura con el trabajo asalariado. En ambas comunidades, la educación formal de los hijos y la migración temporal o permanente constituyen pilares fundamentales de las estrategias familiares. En Link’u se ha mostrado un proceso de urbanización que se expresa en un plan de desarrollo futuro que prevée la transformación de la zona periurbana de la comunidad en propiedad familiar o área urbana. Estos cambios en las estrategias de las familias y de la comunidad pueden explicarse por condiciones dinámico socioeconómicas, ecológicas y político-administrativas. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que los campesinos en las comunidades de estudio diversifican sus estrategias de vida para enfrentar al minifundio. Estas estrategias consisten en la producción agropecuaria en diferentes pisos ecológicos (control vertical de la ecología), la educación, la migración, la integración al mercado, el trabajo asalariado, y, en el caso de Link’u, en la propiedad individual de la tierra. El sistema de tenencia de la tierra es marcado por la interlegalidad o el bricolage de leyes formales y normas consuetudinarias. La Ley INRA desempeña para ambas comunidades un papel marginal. Se mostró que el sistema de tenencia y uso de la tierra es complejo, flexible y persistente. Combina diferentes tipos de propiedad y permite diferentes formas de organización dependiendo del área (rural/urbana).

Assessing dynamics of forced livestock movements, livelihoods and future development options for pastoralists/agro-pastoralists in Ruvuma and Lindi Regions, in the Southern Tanzania

The study that aimed at understanding the dynamics of forced livestock movements and pastoral livelihood and development options was conducted in Lindi and Ruvuma regions, using both formal and informal approaches. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected Agro-pastoralists/Pastoralists and native farmers using a structured questionnaire. Four villages were involved; two in Lindi region (Matandu and Mkwajuni) and the other two in Ruvuma region (Gumbiro and Muhuwesi). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of SPSS to generate means and frequencies. The results indicate that a large number of animals moved into the study area following the eviction order of the government in Ihefu wetlands in 2006/2007. Lindi region was earmarked by the government to receive all the evicted pastoralists. However, by 2008 only 30% of the total cattle that were expected to move into the region had been received. Deaths of many animals on transit, selling of the animals to pay for transportation and other costs while on transit and many pastoralists settling in Coastal and Ruvuma regions before reaching their destinations were reported to be the reasons for the discrepancy observed. To mitigate anticipated conflicts between farmers and pastoralists, Participatory Land Use Management (PLUM) plans were developed in all the study villages in order to demarcate village land area into different uses, including grazing, cropping, settlement and forests. Land units for grazing were supposed to be provided with all necessary livestock infrastructures (dips, charcoal dams, livestock markets and stock routes). However, the land use plans were not able to prevent the anticipated conflicts because most of the livestock infrastructures were lacking, the land use boundaries were not clearly demarcated and there was limited enforcement of village by-laws, since most had not been enacted by the respective district councils. Similarly, the areas allocated for grazing were inadequate for the number of livestock available and thus the carrying capacity exceeded. Thus, land resource-based conflicts between farmers and pastoralists were emerging in the study areas for the reason that most of the important components in the PLUM plans were not in place. Nevertheless, the arrival of pastoralists in the study areas had positive effects on food security and growth of social interactions between pastoralists and farmers including marriages between them. Environmental degradations due to the arrival of livestock were also not evident. Thus, there is a need for the government to purposely set aside enough grazing land with all necessary infrastructures in place for the agro-pastoral/pastoral communities in the country.

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.), the neglected multipurpose crop: Its production and utilization in the mixed crop-livestock farming system of Ethiopia

A survey was conducted to generate holistic information on the production and utilization of local white lupin in two lupin growing districts, namely, Mecha and Sekela, representing mid and high altitude areas, respectively in North-western Ethiopia. During the survey, two types of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques, namely, individual farmer interview (61 farmers from Mecha and 51 from Sekela) and group discussion (with 20 farmers from each district) were employed. There are significant differences (P<0.05) between the two study districts for the variables like total land holding, frequency of ploughing during lupin planting, days to maturity, lupin productivity, and number of days of soaking lupin in running water. However, there are no significant differences (P>0.05) between the two study districts for the variables like land allocated for lupin cultivation, lupin seed rate, lupin soaking at home, lupin consumption per family per week and proportion of lupin used for household consumption. The use of the crop as livestock feed is negligible due to its high alkaloid content. It is concluded that the local white lupin in Ethiopia is a valuable multipurpose crop which is being cultivated in the midst of very serious shortage of cropland. Its ability to maintain soil fertility and serve as a source of food in seasons of food scarcity makes it an important crop. However, its bitter taste due to its high alkaloid content remains to be a big challenge and any lupin improvement strategy has to focus on minimizing the alkaloid content of the crop.