Incidence of auditory ossicle luxation and petrous bone fractures detected in post-mortem multislice computed tomography (MSCT)

As the auditory ossicles are difficult to display without harming them in conventional autopsies, lesions of these minute bones and the ossicular chain are regularly missed. In this study, the method of choice in clinical medicine for the examination of such lesions, namely multislice computed tomography, was applied to 100 corpses. The hereby obtained results regarding ossicle luxation and petrous bone fracture indicated that the lesions were not dependant on the amount, but rather on the type of energy inflicted to the head.

Changing trends in causes and patterns of facial fractures in children

OBJECTIVE: To review the epidemiology of facial fractures in children and to analyze whether it has changed over time. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of records of children aged < or = 15 years diagnosed for fracture during 2 10-year periods. RESULTS: A total of 378 children were diagnosed with fractures, 187 in 1980-1989 and 191 in 1993-2002. The proportion of children with mandibular fractures decreased by 13.6 percentage-points from the first period to the second, whereas the proportion of patients with midfacial fractures increased by 18.7 percentage-points. Assault as a causative factor increased by 5.5 percentage-points, almost exclusively among children aged 13-15 years, with a high percentage (23.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of a change in fracture patterns over time is probably due to the increased use of computerized tomographic scanning.

Management of fragility fractures in Switzerland: results of a nationwide survey

A nationwide survey was conducted in Switzerland to assess the quality level of osteoporosis management in patients aged 50 years or older presenting with a fragility fracture to the emergency ward of the participating hospitals. Eight centres recruited 4966 consecutive patients who presented with one or more fractures between 2004 and 2006. Of these, 3667 (2797 women, 73.8 years old and 870 men, 73.0 years old in average) were considered as having a fragility fracture and included in the survey. Included patients presented with a fracture of the upper limbs (30.7%), lower limbs (26.4%), axial skeleton (19.5%) or another localisation, including malleolar fractures (23.4%). Thirty-two percent reported one or more previous fractures during adulthood. Of the 2941 (80.2%) hospitalised women and men, only half returned home after discharge. During diagnostic workup, dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement was performed in 31.4% of the patients only. Of those 46.0% had a T-score < or =-2.5 SD and 81.1% < or =-1.0 SD. Osteoporosis treatment rate increased from 26.3% before fracture to 46.9% after fracture in women and from 13.0% to 30.3% in men. However, only 24.0% of the women and 13.8% of the men were finally adequately treated with a bone active substance, generally an oral bisphosphonate, with or without calcium / vitamin D supplements. A positive history of previous fracture vs none increased the likelihood of getting treatment with a bone active substance (36.6 vs 17.9%, ? 18.7%, 95% CI 15.1 to 22.3, and 22.6 vs 9.9%, ? 12.7%, CI 7.3 to 18.5, in women and men, respectively). In Switzerland, osteoporosis remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in patients aged 50 years and older presenting with a fragility fracture.

Remaining lifetime and absolute 10-year probabilities of osteoporotic fracture in Swiss men and women

SUMMARY: Remaining lifetime and absolute 10-year probabilities for osteoporotic fractures were determined by gender, age, and BMD values. Remaining lifetime probability at age 50 years was 20.2% in men and 51.3% in women and increased with advancing age and decreasing BMD. The study validates the elements required to populate a Swiss-specific FRAX model. INTRODUCTION: Switzerland belongs to high-risk countries for osteoporosis. Based on demographic projections, burden will still increase. We assessed remaining lifetime and absolute 10-year probabilities for osteoporotic fractures by gender, age and BMD in order to populate FRAX algorithm for Switzerland. METHODS: Osteoporotic fracture incidence was determined from national epidemiological data for hospitalised fractured patients from the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics in 2000 and results of a prospective Swiss cohort with almost 5,000 fractured patients in 2006. Validated BMD-associated fracture risk was used together with national death incidence and risk tables to determine remaining lifetime and absolute 10-year fracture probabilities for hip and major osteoporotic (hip, spine, distal radius, proximal humerus) fractures. RESULTS: Major osteoporotic fractures incidence was 773 and 2,078 per 100,000 men and women aged 50 and older. Corresponding remaining lifetime probabilities at age 50 were 20.2% and 51.3%. Hospitalisation for clinical spine, distal radius, and proximal humerus fractures reached 25%, 30% and 50%, respectively. Absolute 10-year probability of osteoporotic fracture increased with advancing age and decreasing BMD and was higher in women than in men. CONCLUSION: This study validates the elements required to populate a Swiss-specific FRAX model, a country at highest risk for osteoporotic fractures.

[Epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures in Switzerland]

Fractures occurring after 50 years of age are among the leading causes of hospitalizations in Switzerland. At the age of 50 years, in Switzerland, the remaining lifetime probability of suffering an osteoporotic fracture is 51% and 20% for women and men, respectively, i.e. every other woman and every fifth man. According to the demographic projection scenarios, the number of elderly aged 65 years or more will have doubled by year 2050. In the absence of targeted interventions, the considerable human, social, and economic burden represented by osteoporotic fractures should increase by the same order of magnitude. With FRAX (fracture risk assessment tool), validated for Switzerland in tight collaboration with the World Heath Organization, the individual probability of fracture during the next 10 years can be predicted.

Osteosynthesis and hemiarthroplasty of fractures of the proximal humerus: outcomes in a consecutive case series

HYPOTHESIS: This study addresses the outcome after osteosynthesis or hemiarthroplasty, using a cohort of patients that was enrolled in a previous prospective study on humeral head perfusion and was consequently treated using a common conceptual approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1998 and 2001, 98 patients with 100 fractures of the proximal humerus were treated surgically by a single surgeon with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) (51/100, group A, median age 54 years; range, 21-88) or with hemiarthroplasty (49/100, group B, median age 66 years; range, 38-87). Seventy-six of 98 patients were available for re-evaluation at a mean follow-up of five years (3.3-7.3) using the Constant-Murley score (CMS), the Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), and conventional radiographs. RESULTS: The median total CMS was 77 (range, 37-98) for group A and 70 (range, 39-84) for group B. The median SSV was 92 (range, 40-100) for group A and 90 (range, 40-100) for group B. Avascular necrosis occured in 6/40 fractures treated with ORIF. CONCLUSION: Osteosynthesis and hemiarthroplasty yield similar functional results and comparable patient satisfaction following the applied decision making process in this selected patient cohort. Osteosynthesis with preservation of the humeral head is worth considering when adequate reduction and stable conditions for revascularization can be obtained. In patients with osteopenic bone and/or comminuted fractures, hemiarthroplasty is a viable alternative. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2; Prospective non-randomized comparison study.

Reliability of radiologic assessment of the fracture anatomy at the posterior tibial plafond in malleolar fractures

The aim of this study was to assess the ability to extract surgically relevant information from plain radiographs in trimalleolar fractures and to compare this with the information gathered from computed tomography (CT).

Die operative Behandlung der Azetabulum-T-Fraktur über eine chirurgische Hüftluxation oder einen Stoppa-Zugang. [Operative treatment of T-type fractures of the acetabulum via surgical hip dislocation or Stoppa approach]

OBJECTIVE: Anatomic reduction and stable fixation by means of tissue- preserving surgical approaches. INDICATIONS Displaced acetabular fractures. Surgical hip dislocation approach with larger displacement of the posterior column in comparison to the anterior column, transtectal fractures, additional intraarticular fragments, marginal impaction. Stoppa approach with larger displacement of the anterior column in comparison to the posterior column. A combined approach might be necessary with difficult reduction. CONTRAINDICATIONS Fractures > 15 days (then ilioinguinal or extended iliofemoral approaches). Suprapubic catheters and abdominal problems (e.g., previous laparotomy due to visceral injuries) with Stoppa approach (then switch to classic ilioinguinal approach). SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Surgical hip dislocation: lateral decubitus position. Straight lateral incision centered over the greater trochanter. Entering of the Gibson interval. Digastric trochanteric osteotomy with protection of the medial circumflex femoral artery. Opening of the interval between the piriformis and the gluteus minimus muscle. Z-shaped capsulotomy. Dislocation of the femoral head. Reduction and fixation of the posterior column with plate and screws. Fixation of the anterior column with a lag screw in direction of the superior pubic ramus. Stoppa approach: supine position. Incision according to Pfannenstiel. Longitudinal splitting of the anterior portion of the rectus sheet and the rectus abdominis muscle. Blunt dissection of the space of Retzius. Ligation of the corona mortis, if present. Blunt dissection of the quadrilateral plate and the anterior column. Reduction of the anterior column and fixation with a reconstruction plate. Fixation of the posterior column with lag screws. If necessary, the first window of the ilioinguinal approach can be used for reduction and fixation of the posterior column. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: During hospital stay, intensive mobilization of the hip joint using a continuous passive motion machine with a maximum flexion of 90 degrees . No active abduction and passive adduction over the body's midline, if a surgical dislocation was performed. Maximum weight bearing 10-15 kg for 8 weeks. Then, first clinical and radiographic follow-up. Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis for 8 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: 17 patients with a mean follow-up of 3.2 years. Ten patients were operated via surgical hip dislocation, two patients with a Stoppa approach, and five using a combined or alternative approach. Anatomic reduction was achieved in ten of the twelve patients (83%) without primary total hip arthroplasty. Mean operation time 3.3 h for surgical hip dislocation and 4.2 h for the Stoppa approach. Complications comprised one delayed trochanteric union, one heterotopic ossification, and one loss of reduction. There were no cases of avascular necrosis. In two patients, a total hip arthroplasty was performed due to the development of secondary hip osteoarthritis.