178 resultados para ISLAM
Resumo:
Lange war man im Westen davon überzeugt gewesen, dass zwischen Religion, Gesellschaft und Staat in der Epoche der europäischen Aufklärung ein Einverständnis gefunden worden ist. Diese Sicherheit ist in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ins Wanken geraten. Im Namen ‘des’ Islam werden Terroranschläge verübt und Kriege geführt. Von vielen Menschen wird ‘der’ Islam als eine Religion wahrgenommen, die nicht zwischen Religion und Zivilgesellschaft unterscheidet und den Friedenszustand gefährdet. Doch gibt es überhaupt ‘den’ Islam oder ‘den’ Koran? Der Islam wird oft in einer problematischen Vereinfachung auf den Koran und den Propheten Muḥammad reduziert. Daraus wird dann der Kurzschluss gezogen, der Islam lasse sich aus diesem Ursprung heraus definieren. Gegen dieses ahistorische Ursprungsdenken und die damit einhergehenden Stereotypen zu ‘dem’ Islam und ‘dem’ Koran bring Reinhard Schulze die Geschichte in Anschlag. Er verfolgt in seiner gelehrten und analytisch präzisen Studie die Geschichte der Entstehung der Schrift Koran über deren sprachliche Verfasstheit (das Arabische) und Intertexte; betrachtet die Offenbarung an Muḥammad aus historischer Perspektive und reflektiert – nicht zuletzt – über die Voraussetzungen und unhinterfragten Prämissen des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses über den Islam – so etwa im Orientalismus des 19. Jahrhunderts, in der Rede von der Religion als anthropologischer Konstante oder neurobiologischer ‘Programmierung’.
Resumo:
This study tries to assess the status of Islam in the context of the Swiss discursive public sphere. Relying on an empirical survey conducted with representatives from fifty Muslim organisations based in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the study examines the relative position of Muslim organisations in the political public sphere and the role of Islam in public debate from the perspective of the organisations themselves. The empirical findings will be interpreted using two ideal types. The category “public sphere” known from Jürgen Habermas’ works will help to determine the social status of the Muslim community in the context of the Swiss public sphere, while the normative concept “public religion”, as developed by the sociologist José Casanova in his book Public Religions in the Modern World, will contribute to determine the role of Islam in Swiss public debate.
Resumo:
Background Primary care is an important provider of sexual health care in England. We sought to explore the extent of testing for chlamydia and HIV in general practice and its relation to associated measures of sexual health in two contrasting geographical settings. Methods We analysed chlamydia and HIV testing data from 64 general practices and one genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic in Brent (from mid-2003 to mid-2006) and 143 general practices and two GUM clinics in Avon (2004). We examined associations between practice testing status, practice characteristics and hypothesised markers of population need (area level teenage conception rates and Index of Multiple Deprivation, IMD scores). Results No HIV or chlamydia testing was done in 19% (12/64) of general practices in Brent, compared to 2.1% (3/143) in Avon. In Brent, the mean age of general practitioners (GPs) in Brent practices that tested for chlamydia or HIV was lower than in those that had not conducted testing. Practices where no HIV testing was done had slightly higher local teenage conception rates (median 23.5 vs. 17.4/1000 women aged 15-44, p = 0.07) and served more deprived areas (median IMD score 27.1 vs. 21.8, p = 0.05). Mean yearly chlamydia and HIV testing rates, in practices that did test were 33.2 and 0.6 (per 1000 patients aged 15-44 years) in Brent, and 34.1 and 10.3 in Avon, respectively. In Brent practices only 20% of chlamydia tests were conducted in patients aged under 25 years, compared with 39% in Avon. Conclusions There are substantial geographical differences in the intensity of chlamydia and HIV testing in general practice. Interventions to facilitate sexually transmitted infection and HIV testing in general practice are needed to improve access to effective sexual health care. The use of routinely-collected laboratory, practice-level and demographic data for monitoring sexual health service provision and informing service planning should be more widely evaluated.