Organisation und Institutionalisierung: Aspekte der Wirkungsproblematik sozialer Bewegungen am Beispiel der neuen Frauenbewegungen in Frankreich, der Bundesrepublik und der Schweiz

Die Beiträge des Bandes beleuchten Stand und Perspektiven der historischen Bewegungsforschung mit Blick auf theoretische und konzeptionelle Perspektiven. In empirischen Fallstudien werden gängige Theoreme der Bewegungsforschung einer näheren Betrachtung unterzogen. Die vor allem seitens der Sozialwissenschaften entwickelten Ansätze werden auf historische Fragestellungen und Quellen bezogen und im Hinblick auf ihre analytische Tragweite – und ihre Grenzen – analysiert

Die Organisation von Bildung. Soziologische Analysen zu Schule, Berufsbildung, Hochschule und Weiterbildung

Die Bedeutung von Bildung für Individuen und Gesellschaften ist enorm gestiegen. Dieser Band widmet sich der Organisation von Bildung in Schule, Berufsbildung und Hochschule. Die Beiträge befassen sich mit noch wenig untersuchten Phänomenen der Entstehung, dem Funktionieren und der Entwicklung von Bildungsorganisationen sowie deren Prozessen der Herstellung und (ungleichen) Verteilung von Bildung. Die Organisation von Bildung in Form von Schulen ist allgegenwärtig und gleichzeitig unhinterfragt. Dieser Band diskutiert vor dem Hintergrund der enorm gestiegenen Bedeutung von Bildung für Individuen und Gesellschaften, wie unterschiedliche Typen von Bildungsorganisationen im Bereich von Schule, Berufsbildung oder Hochschule entstehen, funktionieren und sich weiterentwickeln. Er fragt nach den Prozessen, durch die die Subjekte gebildet und Ungleichheiten reproduziert werden. Die theoretisch-konzeptionellen und empirischen Beiträge beleuchten vielfältige Perspektiven und führen bildungs- und organisationssoziologische Forschungsergebnisse innovativ zusammen.

Excitonic splittings in molecular dimers: why static ab initio calculations cannot match them

After decades of research on molecular excitons, only few molecular dimers are available on which exciton and vibronic coupling theories can be rigorously tested. In centrosymmetric H-bonded dimers consisting of identical (hetero)aromatic chromophores, the monomer electronic transition dipole moment vectors subtract or add, yielding S0 → S1 and S0 → S2 transitions that are symmetry-forbidden or -allowed, respectively. Symmetry breaking by 12C/13C or H/D isotopic substitution renders the forbidden transition weakly allowed. The excitonic coupling (Davydov splitting) can then be measured between the S0 → S1 and S0 → S2 vibrationless bands. We discuss the mass-specific excitonic spectra of five H-bonded dimers that are supersonically cooled to a few K and investigated using two-color resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. The excitonic splittings Δcalc predicted by ab initio methods are 5–25 times larger than the experimental excitonic splittings Δexp. The purely electronic ab initio splittings need to be reduced (“quenched”), reflecting the coupling of the electronic transition to the optically active vibrations of the monomers. The so-called quenching factors Γ < 1 can be determined from experiment (Γexp) and/or calculation (Γcalc). The vibronically quenched splittings Γ·Δcalc are found to nicely reproduce the experimental exciton splittings.

Professionalisation of sports federations – A multi-level framework for analysing forms, causes and consequences

Introduction: International and national sports federations as well as their member organisations (usually sports clubs) are key actors within the sports system and have a wide range of relationships outside the sports system (e.g. with the state, sponsors, and the media). They are currently facing major challenges such as growing competition in top-­‐level sports, democratisation of sports with “sports for all” and sports as the answer to social problems (integration, education, health, unemployment, etc.). In this context, professionalising sports organisations seems to be an appropriate strategy to face these challenges and solve current problems. This has led to a profound organisational change, particularly within sports federations, characterised by the strengthening of institutional management (managerialism) and the implementation of efficiency-­‐based management instruments and paid staff. In this context the questions arise how sports organisations professionalise and what consequences this may have. Theoretical framework: The goal of our presentation is to review the international literature and develop an appropriate concept of professionalisation in sport federations. Our multi-­‐level approach based on social theory of action integrates the current concepts and perspectives for analysing professionalisation in sports federations. We specify the framework for the following research perspectives: (1) forms, (2) causes and mechanisms, (3) consequences and (4) dynamics, and discuss the reciprocal relations between sports federations and their member organisations in this context. When analysing these different research perspectives, it is important to select or elaborate appropriate theoretical concepts to match the general multi-­‐level framework Discussion: The elaborated multi-­‐level framework for analysing professionalisation in sports federations is able to integrate most of the existing theoretical concepts and therefore, the broad range of endogenous as well as exogenous factors that might influence the professionalisation of sports organisations. Based on the theoretical framework, we can identify several consequences for the methodological design of studies intending to analyse the different perspectives of professionalisation in sports organisations: Data have to be collected on the different levels. Not only the forms of professionalisation and relevant structures of the organisations should be taken into account but also important characteristics of the environment (macro level) as well as members or member organisations, particularly key actors who might play a crucial role in gaining an understanding of professionalisation processes in sports organisations. In order to carry out a complex organisational research design, it seems necessary to focus on case studies – an approach that has become increasingly important in organisational research. Different strategies and methods of data collection have to be used within the case studies (e.g. interviews with experts within the organisations, questionnaire for selected people in the organisation, document analysis). Therefore, qualitative and quantitative research strategies have to be combined.