A case of distinct difference between the measured blood Ethanol concentration and the concentration estimated by Widmark's equation

In the last century, several mathematical models have been developed to calculate blood ethanol concentrations (BAC) from the amount of ingested ethanol and vice versa. The most common one in the field of forensic sciences is Widmark's equation. A drinking experiment with 10 voluntary test persons was performed with a target BAC of 1.2 g/kg estimated using Widmark's equation as well as Watson's factor. The ethanol concentrations in the blood were measured using headspace gas chromatography/flame ionization and additionally with an alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)-based method. In a healthy 75-year-old man a distinct discrepancy between the intended and the determined blood ethanol concentration was observed. A blood ethanol concentration of 1.83 g/kg was measured and the man showed signs of intoxication. A possible explanation for the discrepancy is a reduction of the total body water content in older people. The incident showed that caution is advised when using the different mathematical models in aged people. When estimating ethanol concentrations, caution is recommended with calculated results due to potential discrepancies between mathematical models and biological systems

Alles koscher? Die Erfindung eines jüdischen "ethnic food" im urbanen Kontext

Die Erfindung eines jüdischen „ethnic food“ im urbanen Kontext Die religiösen Speisegesetze, die Kaschrut, sind heute nur noch für eine kleine Minderheit der Juden im Alltag verbindlich. In urbanen Zentren Europas finden sich heute jedoch eine Vielzahl von Restaurants, die Bezug nehmen auf das Judentum und seine kulinarischen Traditionen. Am Beispiel von fünf verschiedenen Städten (Berlin, Lodz, Paris, Wien, Zürich) wird aufgezeigt, wie „jüdische“ Gastronomie vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher historischer Erfahrungen und vielfältiger Migrationsbewegungen von Juden aber auch von Nichtjuden neu interpretiert werden können. Auch wenn die meisten Gaststätten keine koscheren Speisen im religionsgesetzlichen Sinne anbieten, sind diese Restaurants doch ein wichtiges Merkmal eines innovativen und integrativen Umgangs mit Europas jüdischem Erbe.

Crossing borders: Ethnic minorities matter? A meta analytic examionation of the alliance-outcome relationship

Objectives: The purpose of this meta analysis was to examine the moderating impact of substance use disorder as inclusion/exclusion criterion as well as the percentage of racial/ethnic minorities on the strength of the alliance-outcome relationship in psychotherapy. It was hypothesized that the presence of a dsm axis i substance use disorders as a criterion and the presence of racial/ethnic minority as a psychosocial indicator are confounded client factors reducing the relationship between alliance and outcome. Methods: A random effects restricted maximum-likelihood estimator was used for omnibus and moderator models (k = 94). results: the presence of (a) substance use disorder and, (b) racial/ethnic minorities (overall and specific to african americans) partially moderated the alliance-outcome correlation. The percentage of substance use disorders and racial/ethnic minority status was highly correlated. Conclusions: Socio-cultural contextual variables should be considered along with dsm axis i diagnosis of substance use disorders in analyzing and interpreting mechanisms of change.