Von Willebrand Factor Improves Risk Prediction in Addition to N-Terminal Pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients Referred to Coronary Angiography and Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) represents a growing health burden associated with substantial mortality and morbidity. Consequently, risk prediction is of highest importance. Endothelial dysfunction has been recently shown to play an important role in the complex pathophysiology of HFpEF. We therefore aimed to assess von Willebrand factor (vWF), a marker of endothelial damage, as potential biomarker for risk assessment in patients with HFpEF. METHODS AND RESULTS Concentrations of vWF were assessed in 457 patients with HFpEF enrolled as part of the LUdwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. All-cause mortality was observed in 40% of patients during a median follow-up time of 9.7 years. vWF significantly predicted mortality with a hazard ratio (HR) per increase of 1 SD of 1.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.26-1.68; P<0.001) and remained a significant predictor after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), renal function, and frequent HFpEF-related comorbidities (adjusted HR per 1 SD, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.42; P=0.001). Most notably, vWF showed additional prognostic value beyond that achievable with NT-proBNP indicated by improvements in C-Statistic (vWF×NT-proBNP: 0.65 versus NT-proBNP: 0.63; P for comparison, 0.004) and category-free net reclassification index (37.6%; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS vWF is an independent predictor of long-term outcome in patients with HFpEF, which is in line with endothelial dysfunction as potential mediator in the pathophysiology of HFpEF. In particular, combined assessment of vWF and NT-proBNP improved risk prediction in this vulnerable group of patients.

Promoting gender equality in responses to climate change: The case of Kenya

The paper discusses how Kenyan policies and organisations address gender equality in climate change-related responses. The political support for gender issues is reflected in presidential directives on various actions for achieving gender equality such as the establishment of gender desk officers and ensuring 30 per cent female representation in government. Despite the well-advanced gender mainstreaming policy in Kenya, few policies focus on climate change and even fewer on its inter-linkages with gender. At the field level, encrusted traditions, inadequately trained staff, limited financial resources, and limited awareness of the inter-linkages between gender and climate change remain major challenges to promoting gender equality in the work of government organisations. The paper thus proposes measures for addressing these challenges and strengthening gender equality in responses to climate change.

Anpassung an den Klimawandel: institutionelle und finanzielle Herausforderungen

Der Klimawandel ist eine der größten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Selbst bei einer drastischen Reduzierung der Treibhausgase auf globaler Ebene wird die Anpassung an den Klimawandel in den kommenden Dekaden eine notwendige Rolle spielen. Durch ihre geographische Lage, vor allem aber durch ihre starke Verwundbarkeit werden die Entwicklungsländer von den negativen Folgen überproportional betroffen sein. So wichtig die Anpassung an den Klimawandel in vielen dieser Länder ist, so beschränkt sind ihre Kapazitäten dafür. Die Industrieländer müssen gemäß dem Verursacherprinzip deshalb eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Unterstützung der Anpassung in Entwicklungsländern spielen. Das SEF-Policy Paper 35, verfasst von einem Autorenteam des renommierten Deutschen Instituts für Entwicklungspolitik, nimmt eine Bestandsaufnahme hinsichtlich des Grades von Institutionalisierung und Finanzierung vor und gibt Empfehlungen, diese weiter zu verbessern.