The Republican Alternative. The Netherlands and Switzerland Compared

The Republican Alternative seeks to move beyond the mere notion of scholarly inquiry into the republic—the subject of recent rediscovery by political historians interested in Europe’s intellectual heritage—by investigating the practical similarities and differences between two early modern republics, as well as their self-images and interactions during the turbulent seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Among the world’s most economically successful societies, Switzerland and the Netherlands laid much of the foundation for their prosperity during the early modern period discussed here. This volume attempts to clarify the special character of these two countries as they developed, including issues of religious plurality, the republican form of government, and an increasingly commercially-driven agrarian society.

Climatic and environmental changes during the Weichselian Lateglacial Interstadial in the Weerterbos region, the Netherlands

Lake sediment records from the Weerterbos region, in the southern Netherlands, were studied to reconstruct summer temperature and environmental changes during the Weichselian Lateglacial Interstadial. A sediment core obtained from a small lacustrine basin was analysed for multiple proxies, including lithological changes, oxygen isotopes of bulk carbonates, pollen and chironomids. It was found that the oxygen isotope record differed strongly from the other proxies. Based on a comparison with three additional lake sediment records from the same region, it emerged that the oxygen isotope records were strongly affected by local environmental conditions, impeding the distinction of a regional palaeoclimate signal. The chironomid-inferred July air temperature reconstruction produced inferred interstadial temperatures ranging between ∼15° and 18°C, largely consistent with previously published results from the northern part of the Netherlands. A temporary regressive phase in the pollen record, which can be tentatively correlated with the Older Dryas, preceded the expansion of birch woodland. Despite differences between the four pollen records from the Weerterbos region, a comparable regressive vegetation phase that was possibly the result of a shift to drier conditions could be discerned in all of the profiles. In addition, a temporary temperature decline of ∼1.5°C was inferred from the chironomid record during this regressive phase. The multi-proxy approach used here enabled a direct comparison of inferred changes in temperature, vegetation and environmental conditions at an individual site, while the multi-site approach provided insight into the factors influencing the pollen and isotope records from these small-scale depressions.

The Storm Surge Event of the Netherlands in 1953

A disastrous storm surge hit the coast of the Netherlands on 31 January and 1 February 1953. We examine the meteorological situation during this event using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) data set. We find a strong pressure gradient between Ireland and northern Germany accompanied by strong north-westerly winds over the North Sea. Storm driven sea level rise combined with spring tide contributed to this extreme event. The state of the atmosphere in 20CR during this extreme event is in good agreement with historical observational data

Jeremias Gotthelf. Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe (HKG)

Mit der Historisch-kritischen Gesamtausgabe HKG der Werke und Briefe Jeremias Gotthelfs wird eine der grössten Lücken in der Aufarbeitung der deutschsprachigen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts geschlossen. In der Ausgabe der Sämtlichen Werke (1911 bis 1977) wurden die Korrespondenzen, die Predigten und die Publizistik nur unvollständig und ungenügend berücksichtigt. Gerade aber die Publizistik und die Predigten verhelfen zu neuen Einsichten in sein erzählerisches Werk. In diesen Texten zeigen sich bereits vor dem Bauern-Spiegel (1837) der impulsive satirische Zeitkritiker, der Analytiker menschlicher Schwächen aus republikanisch-rebellischem Geist und der Mahner zu verantwortlichem Handeln aus christlichen Glaubensgrundsätzen. Die erstmalig vollständige kommentierte Edition dieser Schriften, mit der die HKG eröffnet wird, ermöglicht es, Gotthelfs erzählerisches Werk als Auseinandersetzung mit der Schweizer Geschichte der kritischen, turbulenten Jahre vom liberalen Umsturz 1831 bis zu den ersten Jahren nach der Gründung des Schweizerischen Bundesstaates 1848 zu lesen. Die Kommentare machen sichtbar, in welchem Masse Gotthelfs Werke an den zeitgenössischen Diskursen über Volksbildung und Staatsbürgererziehung, zur sozialen Frage und zu pädagogischen Problemen sowie zum technischen und ökonomischen Fortschritt teilhaben. Die HKG erfüllt den Wunsch nach einer sämtliche Textzeugen berücksichtigenden und zuverlässigen Ausgabe der Werke Gotthelfs. Die wichtigste Erzählsammlung mit programmatischem Anspruch Bilder und Sagen aus der Schweiz (1843-1846) wird erstmals wieder als Zyklus ediert. Ebenso werden auch die vollständigen Hefte des Neuen Berner-Kalenders (1840-1845) als ganzes Kalenderheft mit ausführlichem Kommentar präsentiert. Die Kommentare erkunden die Verflechtungen zwischen Tagespublizistik, Predigttätigkeit, Kalenderarbeit und dem Erzählwerk.

Improving bovine udder health: a national mastitis control program in the Netherlands

Because of increasing bulk milk somatic cell counts and continuous clinical mastitis problems in a substantial number of herds, a national mastitis control program was started in 2005 to improve udder health in the Netherlands. The program started with founding the Dutch Udder Health Centre (UGCN), which had the task to coordinate the program. The program consisted of 2 parts: a research part and a knowledge-transfer part, which were integrated as much as possible. The knowledge-transfer part comprised 2 communication strategies: a central and a peripheral approach. The central approach was based on educating farmers using comprehensive science-based and rational argumentation about mastitis prevention and included on-farm study group meetings. Comprehensive education materials were developed for farmers that were internally motivated to improve udder health. In the peripheral approach it was tried to motivate farmers to implement certain management measures using nontechnical arguments. Mass media campaigns were used that focused on one single aspect of mastitis prevention. These communication strategies, as well as an integrated approach between various stakeholders and different scientific disciplines were used to reach as many farmers as possible. It should be noted that, because this intervention took place at a national level, no control group was available, as it would be impossible to isolate farmers from all forms of communication for 5 years. Based on several studies executed during and after the program, however, the results suggest that udder health seemed to have improved on a national level during the course of the program from 2005 to 2010. Within a cohort of dairy herds monitored during the program, the prevalence of subclinical mastitis did not change significantly (23.0 in 2004 vs. 22.2 in 2009). The incidence rate of clinical mastitis, however, decreased significantly, from 33.5 to 28.1 quarter cases per 100 cow years at risk. The most important elements of the farmers' mindset toward mastitis control also changed favorably. The simulated costs of mastitis per farm were reduced compared with a situation in which the mastitis would not have changed, with € 400 per year. When this amount is extrapolated to all Dutch farms, the sector as a whole reduced the total costs of mastitis by € 8 million per year. It is difficult to assign the improved udder health completely to the efforts of the program due to the lack of a control group. Nevertheless, investing € 8 million by the Dutch dairy industry in a 5-yr national mastitis control program likely improved udder health and seemed to pay for itself financially.