Sozialwissenschaften

Anders als in der Medizin werden die für Forschung und Praxis nötigen Daten im Bereich der Sozialwissenschaften in erster Linie über Fragebogen und nicht durch die Messung biologisch-medizinischer Parameter gewonnen. In der Gesundheitsförderung und der Prävention setzt man Fragebogen häufig dann ein, wenn man etwas über das Wissen, die Wahrnehmungen oder subjektiven Beurteilungen zu bestimmten Verhaltensweisen, Zuständen oder Bedürfnissen von Personen bzw. Personengruppen erfahren möchte. Solche systematischen Befragungen, die das Ziel haben, Daten zu einem bestimmten Thema zu erheben, nennt man auch Surveys. Kenntnisse in der Entwicklung und Anwendung von Fragebogen sind unentbehrlich, wenn es darum geht, Public-Health-Studien zu beurteilen oder gar selbst durchzuführen. In diesem Abschnitt beschäftigen wir uns zuerst mit der Formulierung von guten Fragen und möglichen Antworten. Anschließend betrachten wir unterschiedliche Methoden der Datenerhebung und diskutieren ihre Vor- und Nachteile. Dabei gehen wir auch kurz auf die Methodik der qualitativen Verfahren ein. Schweizerische Lernziele: CPH 8, CPH 20

[The Swiss approach for cardiac rehabilitation]

Structured cardiac rehabilitation goes back to the late 1960s also in Switzerland and in the beginning was only available in rehabilitation clinics. In 1972 the first ambulatory rehabilitation programs became available to patients in Zurich and Bern. In the following years, in addition to the increasing number of rehabilitation centers for inpatients, more and more ambulatory rehabilitation programs were developed, especially in the larger Midlands population area in German and French-speaking Switzerland. In 1985 the Swiss Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation (SAKR) was initiated as an official working group of the Swiss Society of Cardiology and one of its first tasks was to establish a list of the institutions for cardiac rehabilitation in Switzerland. At that time there were 42 rehabilitation programs for a population of approx. 6.5 million, 21 for inpatients and 21 ambulatory; however, 90% of the patients were in inpatient programs. In 1992 the SAKR group defined the quality criteria which were to be applied for official recognition of institutions for cardiac rehabilitation in Switzerland. Due to these criteria, plus the fact that an increasing number of rehabilitation clinics in the mountains had been closed down, the number of inpatient rehabilitation centers decreased from 21 to 11 between 1989 and 2011, whereas the number of ambulatory programs increased from 21 to 51. The ambulatory rehabilitation centers are partially organized by local medical groups; however, most have integrated their activities into the local hospitals. The trend shows a developing preference for ambulatory rehabilitation. More and more elderly, polymorbid patients, however, will still need care in inpatient programs.

[Psychiatric assessment of alcoholic patients on a waiting list for liver transplantation : Which prognostic criteria are empirically proven?]

Liver disorders are the most frequent somatic complications of alcoholism. As 10‑20% of alcoholic patients will develop liver cirrhosis, this is the most frequent reason for premature death in alcoholic patients. Liver transplantation is now an accepted therapy for alcoholic liver cirrhosis but psychiatric assessment is usually required for patients entering a waiting list for transplantation. Prognostic criteria are controversially discussed, especially the so-called 6-month rule. Numerous studies and recent meta-analyses have indicated that duration of alcoholism, family history, age, sex, comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders, noncompliance and social instability are outcome predictors. The 6-month criterion is not well proven but some studies are indicative. Possible therapeutic interventions for alcoholic patients on a waiting list are discussed.

[Improve your skills!: evaluation of a 2.5-day basic course in vascular surgery for surgical trainees]

The traditional surgical training in the operating room (OR) is often complemented by participation in workshops and on simulators. The foundation Vascular International offers basic courses for vascular surgery techniques with training on pulsatile circulation, lifelike anatomical models. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a 2.5-day intensive course on basic skills in vascular surgery.